<p>Two Medicine Store, formerly part of Two Medicine Chalets, is a historic building in Glacier National Park in the USA state of Montana. The chalet was originally built in 1914 by the Glacier Park Hotel Company, a subsidiary of the Great Northern Railway, as part of the railway&#39;s extensive program of visitor services development at Glacier. The chalet group originally featured a complex of log buildings, all built in the rustic style, which provided dining and lodging facilities. Overnight accommodations at the chalet ended with the onset of World War II, and the other buildings at the site were intentionally burned in 1956.</p><br>
<p>President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a national radio address from Two Medicine Chalets on August 5, 1934, while on a visit to Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Two Medicine Store is a National Historic Landmark contributing property, being one of five sites in the Great Northern Railway Buildings National Historic Landmark. While other chalets, Granite Park Chalet and Sperry Chalet, were constructed of stone, the Two Medicine Chalet complex was of log construction.</p><br>
<p>The Valentin Blatz Brewing Company was an American brewery based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It produced Blatz Beer from 1851 until 1959, when the label was sold to Pabst Brewing Company.</p><br>
<p>Blatz beer is currently produced by the Miller Brewing Company of Milwaukee, under contract for Pabst Brewing Company.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Johann Braun opened City Brewery in 1846. Valentin Blatz established a brewery next door in 1850 and merged both breweries upon Brauns death in 1852. In that year, Valentins little brewery produced 350 barrels of lager. That beer was for local consumption only, due to short shelf-life. In 1868 Blatz&#39;s brewery produced 16,000 barrels.</p><br>
<p>After a fire destroyed much of the original brewery in 1872, Blatz was able to enlarge and update his facilities with new brewing technology. In 1875, Blatz was the first Milwaukee brewery to have a bottling department to package beer and ship nationally. It incorporated as the Valentin Blatz Brewing Company in 1889. In 1891, the company sold part of its brewing interests to an English syndicate. By the 1900s it was the city&#39;s third-largest brewer.</p><br>
<p>During Prohibition, Blatz produced non-alcoholic beverages such as malt soap, sodas and near beer, from 1920 to 1933. In 1933, Blatz was issued U-Permit No. WIS-U-712, granting permission to resume brewing beer.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, Blatz was involved in the 1953 Milwaukee brewery strike. In 1958, Pabst Brewing Company, then the nation&#39;s tenth largest brewer, acquired Blatz, the eighteenth largest, from Schenley Industries. In 1959, the federal government brought an action charging that the acquisition violated Section 7 of the Clayton Act as amended by the Celler-Kefauver Anti-Merger amendment. The sale was voided in 1959 and Blatz closed that same year. In 1960, the assets of Blatz, including its labels, were sold to Pabst.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, Blatz was acquired from Pabst by the G. Heileman Brewing Company. Heileman, in turn, was acquired by the Stroh Brewery Company in 1996. On 8 February 1999, prior to its dissolution in 2000, the Stroh Brewery Company sold its labels to the Pabst Brewing Company and to the Miller Brewing Company. By 2007, Blatz was once again part of Pabst.</p><br>
<h3>Today</h3><br>
<p>The "Blatz" beer label currently is produced by the Miller Brewing Company of Milwaukee, under contract for Pabst Brewing Company. The Blatz Brewery Complex and Valentin Blatz Brewing Company Office Building in downtown Milwaukee are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The brewing companys office building has been converted into condominiums. The former Blatz bottling facility is now the Campus Center Building for the Milwaukee School of Engineering. The office building has been converted into the schools Alumni Partnership Center.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP-listed Blatz Brewery Complex consists of three historic buildings from the Blatz plant - all of them in a German Renaissance Revival style, with round arches and light trim against dark brick. Stockhouse number 3 is the oldest, a six-story block designed by August Gunzmann and built in 1891, establishing the general style for subsequent buildings. (It is photo 5 in the NRHP photos.) In the 1930s a floor was added to the top of #3, removing original pediments. Stockhouse number 2 is a similar structure built in 1904 with a 2-story square tower atop its center. Stockhouse number 1 was built in 1906, continuing the same design. Other non-contributing buildings from the Blatz plant are the 1904 boilerhouse, the 1906 brewhouse, and the 1910 Mill House.</p><br>
<h2>Marketing</h2><br>
<p>Two famous Blatz/Milwaukee beer marketing slogans were "Blatz—Milwaukees Finest Beer" and "Blatz—Milwaukees Favorite Premium Beer". In later years, the brewery described its product as "Draft Brewed Blatz". The two most famous jingles were from the 1950s to early 1970s. One had the words "Kegs, Cans, or Bottles, all taste the same. The three best is one beer—Blatz is the name", playing on the fact that many other beers had a different taste when bottled and canned from how they tasted fresh from the keg. The other had the sung words, "Were from Milwaukee and we oughta know, its good old Blatz Beer wherever you go. Kegs, Cans and Bottles, all taste the same. The three best is one beer. Blatz is the name." In the 1980s, Blatz was marketed directly against Pabst Blue Ribbon in the "working class" market, as seen in a 1981 "blind taste test" commercial featuring a steel worker.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, a group of Blatz Beer advocates published and distributed what become known as the "Blatzitution", a guideline regarding the various rules and suggestions on how Blatz Beer should be enjoyed. Those who broke the rules become known as "Blatzphemers." The "Blatzitution" received a positive, though unofficial, endorsement from Pabst Brewery, with a representative citing "We are honored that the great tradition of Blatz Beer is being enjoyed by a new generation of beer drinkers."</p><br>
<h2>Pop culture</h2><br>
<h3>TV & film</h3><br>
<p>In the 1953 cult-classic The Wild One starring Marlon Brando, Brando&#39;s character Johnny Strabler is the leader of a biker gang that terrorizes a small town in California. After one of the members of the gang injures himself in a motorcycle crash and is taken to the town doctor, Johnny orders a beer at the local bar and the love interest, Mary Murphy, serves him a bottle of Blatz. Johnny and his gang drink Blatz out of the bottle throughout most of the movie.</p><br>
<p>The Union Stock Yard Gate, located on Exchange Avenue at Peoria Street, was the entrance to the famous Union Stock Yards in Chicago. The gate was designed by Burnham and Root around 1875, and is the only significant structural element of the stock yards to survive. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1981. The plaza surrounding the gate also includes the city&#39;s principal memorial to its firefighters.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Union Stock Yard Gate is located on Chicago&#39;s South Side, on a plaza in the center of Exchange Avenue at its junction with Peoria Street. This position marked the principal eastern entrance to the stock yards, which occupied several hundred acres to the west. It is a limestone construction with a central main arch flanked by two smaller arches. The main arch is 16 ft wide and 17 ft high, with the surmounting truncated hip roof giving the structure a total height of 32 ft. The piers of the central arch are topped by conical limestone turrets. The smaller side arches are asymmetrical (one is 6 ft wide, the other 7.5 ft), but are similarly styled on a smaller scale. One of the side arches retains an iron grillwork gate, of a style that both would have originally had. The main gate at one time had an iron portcullis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Union Stock Yard was established in 1865, as a place to centralize the city&#39;s growing meatpacking industry. Its early facilities were constructed out of wood, with some elements later rebuilt in stone. This gate was designed by Daniel Burnham and John W. Root, who were responsible for the design of other structures in the yards, and constructed in 1879. The gate and an accompanying gatehouse (since demolished), were the only substantial buildings to survive a fire that leveled the yards in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Restored in the 1970s, the limestone gate now stands as one of the few reminders of Chicagos past dominance in the meat packing industry. Over the center arch of the gate is a bust of Sherman, stockyard superintendent John D. Shermans favorite bull.</p><br>
<p>The gate was designated an official Chicago Landmark on February 24, 1972, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 1972. It was then designated a National Historic Landmark on May 29, 1981. Directly behind the gate is a memorial statue for Chicago firefighters. The statue is located there because of the Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire, and around the base are engraved the names of all Chicago firefighters ever killed in the line of duty.</p><br>
<p>The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Little Flower, also called Our Lady of Mount Carmel and St. Thérèse Church, is a historic Catholic church in San Antonio, Texas. It is one of 84 minor basilicas in the United States and one of only four in the state of Texas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The basilica is dedicated to St. Thérèse de Lisieux of the Child Jesus, and bearing her nickname, "The Little Flower" of Jesus. The cornerstone of her basilica was solemnly blessed and laid on October 15, 1929. Its remarkable edifice and accompanying works of religious art are uniquely uncharacteristic of its relatively recent construction.</p><br>
<p>The basilica is a treasury of art, master craftsmanship, and relics. The Discalced Carmelite Friars began serving the surrounding parish community in San Antonio in 1926. The basilica was thus constructed during the Great Depression (1929–1931) and today stands as a monument to the great faith of devotees of St. Thérèse from throughout the United States and the world.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the most treasured work of art at the basilica is a painting of St. Thérèse, a gift from the Carmel of Lisieux to the friars of San Antonio in 1927. The saints blood sister Céline Martin (1869–1959), also a nun (Sr. Genevieve of the Holy Face) in the Carmel of Lisieux, created the model for this painting, referred to as the "Apotheosis," at the request of the Vatican during the canonization process for Thérèse, according to the Archives of Carmel in Lisieux. Another artist, Pascal Blanchard, painted several large canvases based on Celines model. Céline and another nun, Sr. Marie of the Holy Spirit, then retouched the face on each copy. One of these paintings was the standard carried in the procession to St. Peters during the canonization ceremony on May 17, 1925; it was returned to the nuns after the ceremony. The basilicas painting is one of the several others that were loaned out by the Convent of Lisieux to Carmels in France for the canonization events.</p><br>
<p>The painting was acquired for the friars of San Antonio by Fr. Raymon Gomez, one of the four original friars who arrived in San Antonio in 1926. He was instrumental in bringing to fruition the friars’ dream of building a national shrine to be dedicated to the newly canonized St. Thérèse.</p><br>
<p>Its recorded in Basilica archives that he went to France in 1927 to visit the sisters of St. Thérèses Discalced Carmelite Convent in Lisieux to ask for their blessing on the project. The nuns, including St. Thérèse&#39;s sister Pauline, who was then prioress of Lisieux, were delighted with the idea and pledged their support. Along with their blessings, the nuns sent gifts, including autographed books and photos, medals, printed collection cards, relics of all degrees, and this beautiful portrait to grace the Shrine upon its opening.</p><br>
<p>The original painting was restored with the support of the Strake Foundation of Houston and reinstalled in a place of honor in the basilica in 2007. It is 7 ft wide by 10 ft tall, and is located in the undercroft of the church.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Now that the National Shrine of the Little Flower has joined the ranks of a minor basilica, the church&#39;s ecclesiastical throne has become, symbolically, a papal throne. The throne is original to the basilica and has been used by various visiting prelates for over 70 years. Most recently it has been used by the archbishop and auxiliary bishops of the Archdiocese of San Antonio during special liturgies, such as feast day Masses and ordinations at the basilica.</p><br>
<h3>Relics</h3><br>
<p>The basilica of the Little Flower safeguards the relics of both St. Thérèse and her parents, Sts. Louis Martin and Marie-Azélie Guérin.</p><br>
<h4>St. Thérèse</h4><br>
<p>The basilica is home to three first class relics of the Little Flower. Two are contained within the tomb chapel of St. Thérèse.</p><br>
<p>The relics of Thérèse are regularly exposed on a weekly basis for public veneration.</p><br>
<h4>The parents of St. Thérèse</h4><br>
<p>First class relics of Sts. Louis and Zélie Martin, the parents of St. Thérèse of Lisieux, were exposed October 18, 2015 at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Little Flower for public veneration for the first time on the day of the couple&#39;s canonization in Rome by the Catholic Church. The relics were a gift to the Discalced Carmelite Friars of San Antonio from the Discalced Carmelite nuns of Lafayette, LA.</p><br>
<p>The back of the reliquary depicts the biblical couple Sara and Tobias, recalling the essential role of marriage as a vocation in human history and in the history of salvation. The theme of Sara and Tobias is taken from the medal that Louis Martin chose as a souvenir of his wedding with Zelie Guerin on July 13, 1858, in Notre Dame d’Alençon. The original medal was blessed during the exchange of the rings and is at the Diocese of Séez, France. The reliquary contains particles of the Martins’ hair.</p><br>
<p>Weeki Wachee Springs is a natural tourist attraction located in Weeki Wachee, Florida, where underwater performances by "mermaids," women wearing fish tails as well as other fanciful outfits, can be viewed in an aquarium-like setting in the spring of the Weeki Wachee River. A waterpark, Buccaneer Bay, river boat rides, kayak and paddleboard rental are some of the other activities offered at Weeki Wachee Springs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The spring was named "Weeki Wachee" by Seminoles, which means "Little Spring" or "Winding River" in their language. The attraction was created in 1947 by stunt swimmer and attraction promoter Newt Perry, who based the show on underwater air hose breathing techniques. First an 18-seat theater, then later a newer theater with a capacity of 50, were embedded in the lime rock of the spring with viewing windows below the surface of the water, to allow visitors to watch the mermaids perform in the spring. The Incredible Mr. Limpet, an American live-action/animated comedy film produced by Warner Bros. had its premiere on January 20, 1964, at the Weeki Wachee Springs Underwater Theater. It was the world&#39;s first underwater movie premiere. In 1982, Buccaneer Bay was opened with water slides, a lazy river, and a white sand beach for visitors to enjoy alongside the theater with the mermaid shows.</p><br>
<p>Guests to the park have included Elvis Presley, Don Knotts, Esther Williams, Arthur Godfrey, Kevin Smith, and Larry the Cable Guy. Hollywood has occasionally used the attraction and its mermaids in the filming of movies such as Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid (1948), Neptunes Daughter (1949), and Sunshine State (2002), and many television shows like Route 66 (1963, #25, "The Cruelest Sea of All") and Bobcat Goldthwaits Misfits & Monsters (2018). At one point, the attraction was owned by broadcast network ABC, and this led to an increase in publicity for the attraction. Currently, the park is owned by the State of Florida and operated by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and is a member of the Florida State Park System. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020.</p><br>
<h2>Later events</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, English rock band Supergrass filmed their video for their song "Low C" at the Springs. They filmed a short documentary about the spring, as well as playing at a local bar and swimming with the mermaids. An NBC television special featuring Penn & Teller and filmed at the Springs was released later that year.</p><br>
<p>In summer of 2006, stand-up comedian Thomas J. Kelly became the park&#39;s first ever male mermaid. His adventures were chronicled in a Web television series called "The Little Merman".</p><br>
<p>On November 1, 2008, the state of Florida took over Weeki Wachee Springs as a state park.</p><br>
<p>From May 22 until August 30, 2007, the discharge level at Weeki Wachee spring dropped to a level that allowed for cave divers to gain effective entry into the cave system at the spring. The Karst Underwater Research team successfully executed exploration dives and the necessary in-water decompression to explore approximately 6,700 feet in multiple passages at an average depth of 265 feet fresh water (ffw) with a maximum depth of 407 ffw. The 407 ffw depth makes the cave system under Weeki Wachee springs the deepest known freshwater cave system in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Scenes from Kelly Clarksons video "Stronger (What Doesnt Kill You)" include the mermaids of Weeki Wachee Springs.</p><br>
<p>Key scenes from Amy Seimetzs directorial debut Sun Dont Shine take place at the Springs and include the mermaids.</p><br>
<p>The 2017 documentary Mermaids featured the attraction as well as a number of former and serving mermaids.</p><br>
<p>The 2023 Netflix documentary series MerPeople features the mermaids and history of Weeki Wachee Springs.</p><br>
<p>Orchard House is a historic house museum in Concord, Massachusetts, United States, opened to the public on May 27, 1912. It was the longtime home of Amos Bronson Alcott  and his family, including his daughter Louisa May Alcott , who wrote and set her novel Little Women  there.</p><br>
<p>The four daughters—Anna (the oldest), Louisa (one year younger), Elizabeth (three years younger than Louisa), and Abigail (the youngest, five years younger than Elizabeth)—lived in Orchard House from 1858 to 1877.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was first built sometime between 1690 and 1720. The Alcotts had first moved to Concord in 1840, although they left in 1843 to start Fruitlands, a utopian agrarian commune in nearby Harvard. The family returned in 1845 and purchased a house named "Hillside," but left again in 1852, selling to Nathaniel Hawthorne, who renamed it The Wayside.</p><br>
<p>The Alcotts returned to Concord once again in 1857. At the time of purchase the site included two early eighteenth-century houses on a 12-acre (49,000m) apple orchard. Consequently, the Alcotts named the property "Orchard House." Initially, Orchard house was too dilapidated for them to move in immediately. The Alcotts stayed in a house on Bedford Street while repairs were being made. "&#39;Tis a pretty retreat," Bronson Alcott wrote soon after moving in, "and ours; a family mansion to take pride in, rescued as it is from deformity and disgrace."</p><br>
<p>Bronson Alcott made significant changes to the building. He installed alcoves for busts retrieved from his failed Temple School, repaired the staircase, installed bookcases, constructed a back studio for his youngest daughter May&#39;s artwork, and installed a rustic fence around the property. He also moved a smaller tenant house to adjoin the rear of the main house, making a single larger structure. While the home was being renovated, the family rented rooms next door at The Wayside while the Hawthornes were living in England. Later, Lydia Maria Child visited the house and recorded her thoughts: "The result is a house full of queer nooks and corners and all manner of juttings in and out. It seems as if the spirit of some old architect had brought it from the Middle Ages and dropped it down in Concord...The whole house leaves a general impression of harmony, of a medieval sort."</p><br>
<p>Orchard House is adjacent to The Wayside on the historic "American Mile" roadway toward Lexington, and is less than a half-mile from Bush, the home of Ralph Waldo Emerson, where Henry David Thoreau and the Alcotts were frequent visitors.</p><br>
<h2>The Alcotts in Residence</h2><br>
<p>Orchard House was the most permanent home of the Alcotts, with the family in residence from 1858 to 1877. During this period, the family included Bronson, his wife Abigail May, and their daughters Anna, Louisa, and May. Elizabeth, the model for Beth March, had died in March 1858, just weeks before the family moved in.</p><br>
<p>The Alcott girls befriended the Hawthorne children, who lived next door, though Nathaniel Hawthorne himself was elusive. Bronson Alcott was disappointed, and recorded: "Nobody gets a chance to speak with him unless by accident." However, he added, "Still he has a tender kindly side, and a voice that a woman might own, the hesitance is so taking, and the tones so remote from what you expected."</p><br>
<p>The Alcotts were vegetarians, and harvested fruits and vegetables from the gardens and orchard on the property. Conversations about abolitionism, women&#39;s suffrage, and social reform were often held around the dining room table. The family performed theatricals using the dining room as their stage while guests watched from the adjoining parlor.</p><br>
<p>The parlor was a formal room with arched niches built by Bronson to display busts of his favorite philosophers, Socrates and Plato. On May 23, 1860, Anna married John Bridge Pratt in this room.</p><br>
<p>The youngest daughter, May, was a talented artist. Her bedroom contains sketches of angelic, mythological, and biblical figures on the woodwork and doors. In Louisa&#39;s room, May painted a panel of calla lilies, as well as an owl on the fireplace. Copies of Turner landscapes by May adorn various rooms in Orchard House.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, Louisa May Alcott wrote her beloved classic novel, Little Women, in her room on a special "shelf desk" built by her father. Set within the house, its characters are based on members of her family, with the plot loosely based on the familys earlier years and events that transpired at The Wayside. Also written in the house were Bronson Alcotts Ralph Waldo Emerson (1865; published 1882), Tablets (1868), Concord Days (1872), and Table Talk (1877).</p><br>
<p>On the grounds to the west of the house is a structure designed and built by Bronson Alcott originally known as "Hillside Chapel," and later as "The Concord School of Philosophy." Operating from 1879 to 1888, the School was one of the first highly successful adult education centers in the country.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, Louisa May Alcott bought a home on Main Street for her sister Anna. After Mrs. Alcotts death in the same year, Louisa and her father moved into the home as well. The Alcott family were officially moved out of Orchard House by November 14. Orchard House was then sold to long-time family friend William Torrey Harris in 1884. Alcott said that shes "glad to be done with it, though after living in it for 25 years it is full of memories. But places have not much hold on me when the persons who made them dear are gone."</p><br>
<h2>Orchard House today</h2><br>
<p>Orchard House is open for guided tours daily, with the exceptions of Easter, Thanksgiving, Christmas, and January 1 and 2. An admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The exterior looks much as it did in the Alcotts&#39; day. Care has been taken to keep extensive structural preservation work invisible. All of the furnishings are original to the mid-nineteenth century—with roughly 75% belonging to the Alcott family—and the rooms look very much as they did when the Alcotts were in residence.</p><br>
<p>The dining room contains family china, portraits of the family members, and paintings by May, along with period furnishings. Other original kitchen features include a laundry drying rack designed by Bronson and a soapstone sink bought by Louisa.</p><br>
<p>Orchard House has continued the tradition of Mr. Alcott&#39;s Concord School of Philosophy by hosting "The Summer Conversational Series" since 1977, and has recently added a "Teacher Institute" component. The Hillside Chapel is also used for youth programs, poetry readings, historical reenactments, and other special events.</p><br>
<p>Highlandtown is a neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area currently known as Highlandtown was established in 1866 when the area known as "Snake Hill" was established as a village outside the Baltimore city limits. The first settlers of the community were primarily History of the Germans in BaltimoreGerman</p><br>
<p>Americans. In 1870, residents renamed the neighborhood "Highland Town" because of the views it offered over the city. The neighborhood was made part of Baltimore City in 1919.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood today is bounded by Haven Street to the east, Baltimore Street to the north, Linwood Avenue to the west, and Eastern Avenue to the south. The long stretch of Eastern Avenue that runs through the neighborhood is notable as the Highlandtowns main commercial thoroughfare. The area was designated as a "Main Street District" by a previous mayor Martin OMalley, seeking to promote commercial revitalization through economic incentives from the National Main Street Program.</p><br>
<p>Highlandtown is one of Baltimores traditional blue-collar neighborhoods, and for this reason was designated as part of the Patterson Park/Highlandtown Historic District in the National Register of Historic Places. In Baltimorese the neighborhood is pronounced "Hollantown". Historically one of the citys main commercial and industrial hubs, the neighborhood suffered a period of decline beginning in the 1970s as the manufacturing sector declined and department stores were replaced by shopping malls.</p><br>
<p>Highlandtown was once known as a "Little Appalachia" or a "hillbilly ghetto." Before, during, and after World War II many Appalachian migrants settled in Baltimore, including in Highlandtown. Appalachian people who migrated to Highlandtown were largely economic migrants who came looking for work.</p><br>
<p>Modern Highlandtown is in transition. The German, Polish, Czech, Italian, Irish, Greek, and Ukrainian population are being augmented with a growing Latino community. The headquarters of the Baltimore Science Fiction Society can be found on the northern edge of Highlandtown.</p><br>
<p>Former United States Senator Barbara Mikulski grew up in Highlandtown.</p><br>
<p>The easternmost eight blocks are occupied by parallel-running north–south streets that start with consecutive letters of the alphabet, from B to H: Baylis, Conkling, Dean, Eaton, Fagley, Grundy and Haven. This scheme continues in Greektown to the east, and resets at Bayview.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the census of 2010, there were 7,820 people living in the neighborhood. The racial makeup of Highlandtown was 42.3% white, 34% Hispanic, 19.7% African American, and 5% all other (Asians, Native Americans etc.). Most of the Hispanic population consist of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Salvadorans, Dominicans, Hondurans, Nicaraguans, Cubans, and Colombians, among others. 59.8% of occupied housing units were owner-occupied. 15.5% of housing units were vacant.</p><br>
<p>52.0% of the population were employed, 5.0% were unemployed, and 42.7% were not in the labor force. The median household income was $28,813. About 14.8% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>The First Lift Station is a pump station in Mission, Texas, that once provided water for irrigating the crops of the early Rio Grande Valley. In 1907 John J. Conway and James W. Hoit began the Mission Canal Co. Irrigation system, which was instrumental in the early agricultural growth of the area. Here, they built the first pump station. The pump was powered by steam produced by wood-fired boilers. The chimney, which still stands at the site, was made out of handmade brick from Madero. It is 106 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. The top of the chimney has a double row of bricks that form a partial design, but the top was never completed. The chimney was dedicated as a Texas Historic Landmark by the Texas Historical Commission in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The boilers began operation in 1907 and the lift station started to pump water from the Rio Grande. Wood was used in units of 2 to 3 cords (7 to 11 m³) and a crew of 26 men with teams of mules worked around the clock to keep the boilers fed.</p><br>
<p>The plant was later operated by John H. Shary and by Hidalgo County Water Control and Improvement Districts No. 7 and No. 14. The property was developed for recreational use after dams and a new pumping plant were built upstream in the late 1950s. The chimney is still standing at the site of Chimney Park.</p><br>
<p>Potters Mill is a tavern and bed and breakfast establishment located in Bellevue, Iowa. The structure was formerly a gristmill, being the oldest in the state of Iowa, and as such it has earned national recognition. Potters Mill is on the National Register of Historic Places, as well as being named a point of interest in the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Elbridge Gerry Potter first came to the Bellevue area in 1843 from New Lebanon, Illinois. Potter had been searching for a place to locate a flour mill, and came to decide on Bellevue for the location. Potter and local millwright John Gammel built a mill on what became known as Big Mill Creek. They used limestone from the nearby bluffs to build the mill and a nearby dam. Timber came from nearby areas. At first the mill was powered by an overshot waterwheel located along the southern side of the mill. The total cost to build the structure at the time was about $40,000.</p><br>
<p>By 1845 the mill was in operation. Potter had customers in many major central and eastern USA cities, and purchased the wheat from local farmers as well as farmers in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Potter later extended the dam in order to install six turbines that in turn operated six milling stones. Potter operated the mill until 1871, when he sold the mill to Kilborn and Company.</p><br>
<p>Kilborn and Company operated the mill for the next ten years. In 1881, they sold the mill to Arnold Reiling. The mill was damaged by a flash flood on May 24, 1896. In the aftermath the spillway was replaced by a 35 hp Atlas steam engine. Reiling and his family owned and operated the mill for the next 38 years before they decided to sell the property. Over the next few years, several different parties owned and operated the mill until it was purchased by the Dyas family in 1931. The Dyas family continued to operate the mill until 1969. Finally in 1969 the mill stopped producing flour.</p><br>
<p>The property was put up for sale at an auction in 1980. Daryll and Carolyn Eggers purchased the structure at this auction, and set about restoring the mill. In 1985 they opened Potter&#39;s Mill as a B&B/Event Center. After years of running the business, the building was finally put up for sale.</p><br>
<p>In August 2014 the building reopened as "Flatted Fifth Blues and BBQ at Potters Mill" and "The Inn at Potters Mill."</p><br>
<p>Flatted Fifth Blues and BBQ closed on December 31, 2023, and was replaced by The Tavern.</p><br>
<p>Saint Donatus Catholic Church is a parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque located in the Jackson County, Iowa community of St. Donatus. The patron of the parish and the town is Saint Donatus of Muenstereifel, whose cultus is popular in Luxembourg and the Rhineland. The parish complex includes a church building, rectory, chapel and cemetery. They are all contributing properties in the Village of St. Donatus Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original church building, modeled after St. Boniface Church in New Vienna, was completed in 1858. It was destroyed in a fire on November 24, 1907. The exterior stone walls survived, and were used to build the present church. It was completed in 1908. The stone for the bell tower was quarried from the nearby bluffs. It is capped by a wooden steeple. There is little in the way of exterior ornamentation. The exterior stone walls have been covered with a coating of cement and lime. The parish cemetery is located behind the church. Some of the earlier graves are marked by elaborate iron crosses. Some of the early stone headstones were made in Dubuque, while others were created by 0. Wenzler of Milwaukee. The rectory, located next to the church, is a contemporary of the original church. It was built of stone that was quarried nearby and covered with light yellow/brown stucco. It is capped with a hip roof that features cross gabled dormer windows. The moderate pitch of the roof and the lack of eaves are typical of traditional Luxembourg architecture.</p><br>
<p>The parish is known for its outdoor Stations of the Cross located on the hill behind the church. They were constructed in 1861 under the direction of the Rev. J. Michael Flammang, and may be one of the first developed in the United States. Each of the fourteen stations are 5 by, and are placed in open, arched entrances and gabled roofs. They are spaced at intervals of about 250 ft along a dirt footpath that winds its way to the top of the bluff and the Pieta Chapel. During Holy Week the church sponsors a procession through the outdoor stations to the small chapel at the top of this hill. The chapel is modeled after the Chapel du Bildchen near Vianden, Luxembourg. The simple cut-stone structure was completed in 1885. The exterior stone has been left bare, and has little ornamentation. A simple wooden bell tower is located above the front gable.</p><br>
<p>George Westinghouse Memorial Bridge in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, carries USA Route 30, the Lincoln Highway, over the Turtle Creek Valley near to where it joins the Monongahela River Valley east of Pittsburgh. The reinforced concrete open-spandrel deck arch bridge has a total length of 1,598 ft comprising five spans. The longest, central span is 460 ft, with the deck height 240 ft above the valley floor, for a time the world&#39;s longest concrete arch span structure. It cost $1.75 million . The design engineers were Vernon R. Covell and George S. Richardson, with architectural design by Stanley Roush. The pylons at the ends of the bridges feature Art Deco reliefs by Frank Vittor.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is named for George Westinghouse (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914), the American entrepreneur and engineer. Nearby was the famous Westinghouse Electric Corporation East Pittsburgh Works, which is now an industrial park. Notable attractions visible while driving across the bridge include the Edgar Thomson Steel Works (USA Steel Mon Valley Works) and Kennywood Park.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was featured in the 2011 film Warrior starring Joel Edgerton and Tom Hardy.</p><br>
<p>The Garrott House is a historic house in Batesville, Arkansas, located at the corner of Sixth and Main Streets. Built in 1842, it is the oldest standing house in the Batesville area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1842 by George Case for his wifes sister and husband, Robert and Eliza Ridgway Williams, this was the first structure in Batesville to be placed on the National Register of Historic Places. When Robert Williams widow emigrated to California in 1853, Case took possession of the house, and later deeded it to his daughter, Mary Catherine Case Maxfield, who owned the house until her death in 1940. The Rev. and Mrs. E.P.J. Garrott, daughter and son-in-law of the Maxfields, then lived in the house until the mid-1960s. It has been restored by the current owners and residents.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>A story-and-a-half Georgian, the house is five bays wide, with a side gable roof and five chimneys. A porch extends in front of the centered entrance, supported by fluted wooden columns, with a projecting gable section above. The house has two large rooms on each side of a central hall downstairs, each room containing a fireplace. Its 1840s features include braced-frame construction, random width heart pine flooring, original pegged doors and mantel, and original woodwork. Late Victorian features are the stone kitchen in the rear, an 1880s addition, as well as the central dormer, the two-over-two front windows, the fretwork around the eaves, and cast-iron faux marble mantels on the west side, where the 1880s flues have replaced the 1840s fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The White Feather Spring is in the Argentine community of Kansas City, Kansas. It is on private property. White Feather Spring is named after Susan White Feather, the first property owner after the Treaty of 1854 land parceling.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1826, Tenskwatawa established a village at a site in modern Kansas City, Kansas. Tensquatawa, known as the Shawnee Prophet, was the younger brother of the Shawnee war chief, Tecumseh. Tensquatawa built Prophetstown near the present South 26th Street and Woodend Avenue in Kansas City, Kansas. He later moved from there to White Feather Spring. He died here in November 1836. It is located in the Argentine community of Kansas City, Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The grave of the Prophet, about 75-100 yards to the northwest of his home, was not marked for around sixty years. An editor of the Kansas City Sun, E. F. Heisler, in 1897 went to the Indian Territory and got Charles Bluejacket, who had been present at the Prophets burial when he was 20 years old, to locate the grave. He located the natural spring, where the Prophets home was and told those present where the Prophet&#39;s grave was. A temporary marker was placed but later removed. No permanent marker was installed and the exact grave location is not known.</p><br>
<p>The Abington Congregational Church is a historic church on Connecticut Route 97 in the Abington village of Pomfret, Connecticut. Built in 1751 and restyled in the 1830s, it is the oldest ecclesiastical building in the State of Connecticut that has been continuously used for religious purposes. In 1977 it was included on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Abington Congregational Church is located in the rural village of Abington, on the east side of Route 97, south of its junction with United States Route 44. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The main facade is three bays wide, the bays articulated by Doric pilasters, and topped by a pedimented gable that is flushboarded, with a round window at the center. A three-stage square tower rises above the entrance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1751 for a congregation established in 1749 after the main Pomfret congregation grew too large. It is one of the few surviving examples of the peg and beam construction typical of 18th century New England. The building was significantly enlarged and altered in the 1830s, giving it its present Greek Revival styling; this work was one by Edwin Fitch of Mansfield. A parsonage for the church was built in 1851, and an adjacent parish hall was built in 1951.</p><br>
<p>Today the church is the spiritual home to a small congregation, and is a member of the United Church of Christ. Its website includes records of interest to genealogists and historians. The Old Cemetery of the Abington Church was used from 1760 to 1900, and includes gravestones of 82 American Revolutionary War soldiers. The New Cemetery includes many Civil War gravemarkers, and is still in use today. Lists from both cemeteries are included on the church&#39;s website, as well as a record of all Civil War veterans and units from Pomfret, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The current pastor is the Reverend Bruce A. Hedman, Ph.D., who graduated from Princeton Theological Seminary and was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1980. He served churches in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and in Union, Connecticut and Hampton, Connecticut, before coming to Abington in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Hillside Elementary School is a 50,302 ft former public elementary school in the hills of Berkeley, California, at 1581 Le Roy Avenue, bordered by Le Roy Avenue, Buena Vista Way, and La Loma Avenue. It is registered as a local historic landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hillside first opened in the Fall of 1901 on the nearby southwest corner of Le Roy Avenue and Virginia Street. This first Hillside, constructed under the auspices of the newly formed Hillside Club, for the Berkeley Public Schools, was one of the hundreds of structures that were destroyed by the 1923 Berkeley fire. The school was temporarily relocated, from late 1923 until August 1926, to the University School (1414 Walnut Street) while a new school building was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Berkeley School District built the present structure in 1925 on the site of several homes that were destroyed by the same fire that destroyed the original Hillside. It was designed by prominent Berkeley architect Walter H. Ratcliff.</p><br>
<p>A major seismic retrofit was made in the 1930s and an additional wing added in 1964-65. The 1930s work included upgrades pursuant to the Field Act which resulted from the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. The building is landmarked for the degree to which it is intact, along with the quality of both architectural design and construction.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, Hillside became a primary school (K-3) as part of a district-wide re-organization. In 1982 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#82000961).</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the school district closed Hillside because of a declining school age population, and because it sits near or on the Hayward Fault. The Berkeley Montessori School (since renamed The Berkeley School) and the Berkeley Chess School leased part of the site.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the Berkeley Unified School District sold the school to the German International School of Silicon Valley (GISSV). GISSV replaced damaged walkways and entrance steps and removed a deteriorated temporary building that had been situated on the old Kindergarten playground since the early 1970s, and in early 2016, replaced the original slate shingles with new historically accurate slate shingles and also replaced the original copper gutters, which had been vandalized and stolen. The school used it for their Berkeley campus from August 2012 until December 2016, when they closed the building due to unmet seismic retrofit needs. Diggings nearby show the fault may be braided in the area, and an active fault trace below the building cannot be ruled out.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the German School sold the property to Finnish entrepreneur, who plans to use it for artist studios.</p><br>
<p>Area residents have used Hillside&#39;s playground as a de facto neighborhood park since it was constructed; a pedestrian path is heavily used. In 2009, with the sale of the site to a housing developer pending, residents proposed a special assessment district to fund the purchase of the playground section of the site.</p><br>
<h3>BUSD Principals</h3><br>
<p>Clara. G. Potwin, 1901-1907 (d.1907)</p><br>
<p>Jeannette Barrows, 1907-1937 (d.1945)</p><br>
<p>Eugenie E. Jackson, 1937-1943</p><br>
<p>Helen B. Maslin, 1943-1959 (d.1963)</p><br>
<p>Theodore F. Blitz, 1959-1973 (d.1993)</p><br>
<p>Frank L. Fisher, 1973-1978</p><br>
<p>Kathryne L. Favors, 1978-1981 (d.2008)</p><br>
<p>Marian K. Altman, 1981-1983</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>Hillside stood in as an English mansion in the 2012 movie The Master.</p><br>
<p>The Bryan Whitfield Herring Farm is a historic plantation house located near Calypso, Duplin County, North Carolina. It was built about 1850, and is a -story, five bay by four bay, gable-end, frame house in the Greek Revival style. It features a double-story entrance porch and four massive gable~end chimneys.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Fort Massachusetts is a fort on West Ship Island along the Mississippi Gulf Coast of the United States. It was built following the War of 1812, with brick walls during 1859–1866, and remained in use until 1903. Currently, it is a historical tourist attraction within the Gulf Islands National Seashore. The fort is located about halfway along the north shore of West Ship Island, near a boat pier.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Fort</h2><br>
<p>Following the War of 1812, the United States War Department began planning for the construction of an extensive system of masonry fortifications for coastal defense. Because of Ship Island&#39;s natural deep-water harbor and its location along a shipping route, Ship Island was important to the defense of New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. The island was declared a United States military reservation in 1847, and nine years later Congress authorized construction of a fort.</p><br>
<p>A site on the north shore, approximately 500 feet (152 m) from the western tip of the island, was eventually selected as the location for the fort. Construction began in June 1859 under supervision of the Army Corps of Engineers. The work was primarily done by civilians. The work force sometimes numbered as many as 100 men, and included carpenters, stonemasons, blacksmiths, and stonecutters. By early 1861, the outside wall of the fort stood 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) above the level of the sand.</p><br>
<p>In January 1861, Mississippi seceded from the Union, becoming the second state of the Confederacy. One of the first acts of war in the state occurred on Ship Island when an armed band of Mississippi militia took possession of the island and the unfinished fort. The militia soon abandoned the island; and it remained deserted until early June 1861, when Confederate troops returned and mounted several cannons. On July 9, the Union Navy&#39;s came within range of the Confederate guns. The 20-minute exchange of cannon fire which followed resulted in few injuries and little damage, to either side. That action was the only military engagement in which Ship Island or the fort would be directly involved.</p><br>
<p>During the remainder of the summer of 1861, the Confederate contingent on the island worked with sandbags and timber to strengthen the walls of the unfinished fort. Despite their work, they abandoned the island in mid-September.</p><br>
<p>Union military forces soon occupied the island. Ship Island was used as the staging area for the Union&#39;s successful capture of New Orleans in the spring of 1862. As many as 18,000 USA troops were stationed on the island.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s harsh environment took its toll on many of the men. More than 230 Union soldiers eventually died and were buried on Ship Island during the Civil War. The remains of many of the casualties were later reburied at Chalmette National Cemetery, near New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>Through the remainder of the war (1862–65), Union forces made use of Ship Island. Union ships stopped at the island for repairs and to pick up supplies. The 2nd Louisiana Native Guard, one of the first black regiments in the United States Army, were recruited in Louisiana and stationed there for almost three years.</p><br>
<p>A hospital, barracks, mess hall, and bakery were just a few of nearly 40 buildings constructed on the island during the war. In addition, the Army Corps of Engineers resumed construction of the fort itself in 1862. It was during this period the fort was first called "Massachusetts," probably in honor of the USS Massachusetts. However, the fort was never officially named; it was referred to simply as the "Fort on Ship Island" in most official records.</p><br>
<p>Although the fort switched hands during the first year of the war, the only government to lay bricks was the United States. Between the beginning of construction and the secession of the Southern states (1859–61), the Army obtained its bricks from Louisiana. After USA authorities regained control of the island (1861–62), bricks were shipped from New England, down the East Coast and around the Florida peninsula. After the war ended (1865), the bricks were again procured in Louisiana. Still today, distinct color differences can be seen on the walls of the fort where different types of brick were laid.</p><br>
<p>The Corps of Engineers continued work on the fort until the fall of 1866. It was then turned over to a civilian fort keeper C.H. "Pop" Stone whose duty it was to maintain the fort in a state of readiness. After cannons were mounted, an ordnance-sergeant was assigned to care for the forts armament. He eventually assumed all responsibility for the upkeep of the fort. The last ordnance-sergeant was relieved of duty in 1903, and the Ship Island lighthouse keeper became the forts caretaker.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Fort Massachusetts had lain at the water&#39;s edge; and wave action, not to mention the salt air, had seriously eroded the historic mortar, especially around the northeast bastion. A "Save the Fort" movement started by Mississippians in the 1960s led to the establishment of Gulf Islands National Seashore. But, unlike the Cape Hatteras Light, Fort Massachusetts is made of tons of brick and concrete, and it could not be relocated.</p><br>
<p>Beach nourishment is one way of protecting the historic landmark. To save tax dollars, the National Park Service piggy-backs on dredge projects of the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The dredgers remove sand from ship channels and pump it toward the fort. A sandy beach is thereby created, as a barrier against the sea water lapping at the structure&#39;s walls.</p><br>
<p>In addition, employees from the Historic Preservation Training Center stepped ashore in December 2001 to re-point, replace, and reset, as needed, the brick walls of the fort—which hadn&#39;t been maintained since 1866.</p><br>
<p>Morrow Hall is a historic building in Batesville, Arkansas. It was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in October 1972.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1873, this was the first permanent building of Arkansas College (now Lyon College), the oldest continuing private college in the state of Arkansas. Three other academic buildings once stood on the block - the Long Memorial Building, on the site of the Presbyterian sanctuary; the chapel, which stood between Long and Morrow; and the gymnasium, which has been remodeled to serve as the present church Fellowship Hall, immediately behind Morrow.</p><br>
<p>Morrow Hall stands as it was originally built. It is an "academic house," with Italianate pressed tin window trim and projecting central bay. It is now used by the First Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Orthodox Church in America Diocese of the Midwest. It is one of only two churches designed by Louis Sullivan, one of the seminal architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places and is designated a Chicago Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was commissioned by a growing Orthodox community consisting of Rusyns, Russians, Serbs and Greeks of Chicago, Illinois, and stands within the neighborhood known today as Ukrainian Village. The founders of the church were immigrants from Carpathian Rus&#39;, Galicia, and the Balkans. It remains one of only two Orthodox churches servicing the Orthodox-Christian community in Ukrainian Village. Construction work, partly financed by a donation of 4,000 roubles or ~$2700 from Tsar St. Nicholas II of Russia, and Louis Sullivan donated part of his fee ~$1250 and the elaborate Healy & Millet manufactured chandelier (value unknown). The church retains many features of Russian provincial architecture, including an octagonal dome and a frontal belltower. It is believed that the emigrants wished the church to be "remindful of the small, intimate, rural buildings they left behind in the Old World". Archival references point to a small wooden church in the Siberian village of Tatarskaya as a particular inspiration for the final design. To this traditional Russian basis of the overall design, Sullivan added decorative elements more characteristic of his own larger corpus of work, influenced by the Art Nouveau and Arts and Crafts movements, as seen, for example, in the decorative design over the western entrance to the church, the window and roof framing, and the bell tower and cupolas.</p><br>
<p>The church is highlighted in numerous books on church architecture, among them Chicago Churches: A Photographic Essay by Elizabeth Johnson (Uppercase Books Inc, 1999) as well as The Spiritual Traveler&#39;s Guide to Chicago and Illinois by Marilyn Chiat (HiddenSpring 2004). The church was consecrated by St. Tikhon of Moscow and was under the spiritual guidance of St. John of Chicago (Kochurov) during its early years.</p><br>
<p>The church was elevated to a cathedral in 1923, and stands today a member of the Orthodox community in Chicago. It serves as the cathedral church of the Diocese of Midwest of the Orthodox Church in America. Archbishop Daniel (Brum) is rector of the Cathedral and archbishop of the diocese. Priest Alexander Koranda serves as Cathedral Dean.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>The Divine Liturgy is celebrated at 9:30 am on Sundays, following singing of the Hours from 9:10 am. The Liturgy is also celebrated at 9:30 am on Feast days. Vigil is held at 5:00 pm on Saturdays.</p><br>
<h2>Tours</h2><br>
<p>Tours are held almost every other Saturday or by special appointment. Information is on the cathedral website. l</p><br>
<p>The Bailey Island Bridge  is a historic bridge in the town of Harpswell within Cumberland County in the state of Maine.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For many years, the residents of Bailey Island, Maine, advocated that a bridge be built to connect their island with Orr&#39;s Island. The town of Harpswell, Maine, which encompasses both islands, turned down the request. However, when the Maine Legislature drafted a law allowing the state and counties to fund bridge construction, a plan emerged to build such a bridge. A contract was signed in 1926, with construction beginning on the Bailey Island Bridge in 1927 and finishing in 1928. The engineer for the project was Llewelyn N. Edwards, bridge engineer for the Maine State Highway Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Design of the 1,150 ft bridge was complicated by the tides in the area known as Will&#39;s Gut. It was decided to build a cobwork bridge, using granite slabs as cribstones, acquired from local quarries in nearby Yarmouth, Maine. The slabs allowed the tide to ebb and flow freely without increasing tidal current to any great degree.</p><br>
<p>Some 10,000 tons of granite were used in the project. A concrete road (now part of Route 24) was built on top of the cribstones.</p><br>
<h2>Additions and recognition</h2><br>
<p>A sidewalk was added in 1951 and guard rails in 1961. The Bailey Island Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975; on July 19, 1984, it was recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. The Bailey Island Bridge is reported to be the only granite cribstone bridge in the world.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 and 2010, the bridge underwent reconstruction to repair cracked or sheared stones. During the repairs, a 1,000 ft temporary bridge was placed alongside the cribstone bridge so that traffic could continue without disruption. On November 20, 2010, a ribbon-cutting ceremony and parade took place to celebrate the reopening of the bridge. The restored bridge maintains the dimensions of the original, and the replacement stones were obtained from the same quarry in Yarmouth that supplied the original.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Redmont Hotel Birmingham, or simply the Redmont Hotel, is a 14-story-tall , 120-room boutique hotel and conference center located on the corner of 5th Avenue North and 21st Street in Birmingham, Alabama, USA. The Redmont, named after Birmingham&#39;s Red Mountain is the oldest hotel in Birmingham still in use. It is currently owned by Bayshore Company Tampa, Florida, is managed by Rhaglan Hospitality LLC, and operates as a historic boutique hotel under the Curio Collection by Hilton brand.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Redmont was opened on May 1, 1925, as a 200-room hotel with plans by architect G. Lloyd Preacher of Atlanta, Georgia. It was unusual at its time for having a private bath attached to every room as well as chilled water and ceiling fans. The "Rainbow Room" lounge debuted in 1937 and became the watering hole for an informal group of influential persons called the "Knothole Gang".</p><br>
<p>In 1946 the hotel was purchased by businessman and hotel magnate Clifford Stiles. In 1947 Stiles converted the entire top floor into a New York-style penthouse apartment for himself and his family. This elegant penthouse was complete with terraces, private elevator, a lawn for pets and was the scene of many glamorous parties. Some say that Stiles, who died in 1975, still haunts the building. In 1952, singer Hank Williams spent his last night in the Redmont on an uncompleted trip from Montgomery to Charleston, West Virginia. One of the suites earned the moniker "the Lucky Governors Suite" when it served as the local headquarters for the successful Jim Folsom and George Wallace gubernatorial campaigns of the 1940s, 50s and 60s.</p><br>
<p>After decades of decline, the hotel was purchased in 1983 by an investment group made up of NBA players, including Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Ralph Sampson. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 27 of that year. A $7 million renovation led to a grand re-opening in 1985. Another refurbishment in 2000 uncovered previously hidden architectural details and cleaned the exterior.</p><br>
<p>In April 2006 the Redmont&#39;s ownership group announced plans to convert its two uppermost floors into nine one- and two-bedroom condominia with another luxury condominium in the penthouse. The condominia would have included hotel services such as housecleaning, valet parking, room service, security and bellhop assistance as well as access to the fitness center. Other plans included adding a coffee bar or doughnut shop at ground level. The owners also dropped their association with Crowne Plaza and began operating the hotel as an independent hotel. Due to the economic environment resulting from the Great Recession, the 2006 renovation plans were indefinitely suspended.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Following the award of Alabama State Historic Tax Credits in October, 2013, the hotel underwent a multimillion-dollar restoration which began in 2014. The restoration of the Redmont was assisted with financial contributions from the Alabama Historic Rehabilitation Tax Credits and $400,000 in tax incentives from the City of Birmingham. Interior designer Natalie Toy was commissioned to plan the interior design of the building. The work, contracted to local company Stewart Perry, included completely updating all guest rooms, and adding a new independently operated restaurant and bar, along with a café.</p><br>
<p>The hotel reopened as part of the "Curio Collection by Hilton" brand on March 8, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Redmont Hotel in Birmingham now consists of 11 floors with 120 guest rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<h2>Additional references</h2><br>
<p>Williams, Roy L. (April 12, 2006) "Redmont Hotel top floors going condo". Birmingham News.</p><br>
<p>Bosley, Anita S. (September 1, 2000) "Building holds clues to &#39;20s-era Birmingham". Birmingham Business Journal.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p><coord>33.518733,-86.806392</coord></p><br>
<p>Union Square is a neighborhood located in the Sowebo area of Baltimore. It dates to the 1830s and includes a historic district of houses and commerce buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Named for the graceful park at its center, Union Square is a diverse urban setting - home to art galleries, artist studios, H.L. Mencken’s lifelong residence, and spacious three-story Italianate and Victorian rowhouses. On the historic ground of Southwest Baltimore is known to locals as "Sowebo" (SouthWest Baltimore). Union Square is less than a mile from Camden Yards and within walking distance of the "Inner Harbor" (formerly known as "The Basin" of the harbor), the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River, the B&O Railroad Museum, Ravens Stadium (later known as M. & T. Bank Stadium), and the University of Maryland at Baltimore, (the original and founding campus of the U. of M. system, from 1807). The state-of-the-art U.M.B. Biotech Park on West Baltimore Street is a recent addition, with portions still under construction. One of the several public golf courses is nearby in Carroll Park, also home to the historic Mount Clare Mansion of 1754 built by Charles Carroll, Barrister, (1723-1783), next to the newly renovated Montgomery Park office building, formerly the store and regional warehouse of the Montgomery Ward & Company, famous for their catalog orders and sales in the last century. Access to several transportation directions are minutes away with the Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard running in an arch around the west side of downtown with its connection to the Jones Falls Expressway, (Interstate 83) going north towards the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway, the main East Coast highway, north to south is Interstate 95 with its Fort McHenry Tunnel and the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel cutting under the harbor and port of the Patapsco River and the commuter rail service MARC Train beginning in the northeastern corner of the state at Havre de Grace at the head of the Chesapeake Bay down to Baltimore and onto Washington, D.C. 40 miles away. Surrounding the city is the encircling Baltimore Beltway which is also Interstate 695 and connects via four parallel highways, from east to west: Interstate 95, then the Baltimore-Washington Parkway which is also (Md. Route 295 and Interstate 295), and the old historic Washington Boulevard from colonial times now of USA Route 1, and further to the west is USA Route 29, all connecting to the Capital Beltway around the Nation&#39;s Capital, in Maryland and Virginia, Interstate 495.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Union Square Park</h3><br>
<p>A 2.5 acre public space at the west side of the neighborhood, Union Square Park dates from 1847 and contains the community&#39;s signature structure, a Greek Revival Pavilion (1850) with fluted iron columns. Other features include the H. L. Mencken Memorial Fountain (1976) and curved walkways with park benches. Throughout the year, there are many impromptu events in the Square, including neighborhood dinners, outdoor movies, tag sales, Easter egg hunts, Halloween pumpkin carvings, and various other parties.</p><br>
<h3>Hollins Market</h3><br>
<p>A vital part of the community, Hollins Market was built in the Italianate style in 1838 at the east side of the neighborhood and is Baltimore&#39;s oldest home to food merchants.</p><br>
<h3>Mencken House</h3><br>
<p>The H. L. Mencken House is located at 1524 Hollins Street. Baltimore&#39;s famous son, Henry Louis Mencken, lived here from 1883 until his death in 1956. More details in History section (below).</p><br>
<h3>Arts festival</h3><br>
<p>An annual event - the Sowebohemian Arts Festival - is held in the streets around Hollins Market on the Sunday afternoon of the Memorial Day weekend.</p><br>
<h4>Other highlights</h4><br>
<p>Also in the Union Square Historic District, attractions include annual events such as the Union Square Christmas Cookie Tour plus the Black Cherry Puppet Theater, the Enoch Pratt Free Library No. 2 Branch (1886), and Sowebo Arts, Inc.</p><br>
<h4>Nearby attractions</h4><br>
<p>Other nearby sites of interest include the B&O Railroad Museum, the Lithuanian Hall, Carroll Park, the Mount Clare Museum, the Babe Ruth Museum, the Irish Shrine and Railroad Workers Memorial Museum, and the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District is a dense area of rowhouses and commercial structures located approximately 10 blocks west of the Inner Harbor in Baltimore. The district contains approximately 1,321 buildings with about 31 structures which do not contribute to the district. There are two major features in the district: Union Square Park, a speculative park and housing development of the 1840s, and Hollins Market, an Italianate style market house built in 1838 and 1864. The remainder of the district developed after 1830 mainly as housing for workers in nearby industries and consist of low scale, two and three story brick vernacular dwellings while larger, high-style rowhouses surround the park.</p><br>
<p>The Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Real estate</h2><br>
<p>On the Square and on nearby streets, spacious three-story rowhouses predominate. Most are pre- and post-Civil War Italianate in style, but there are many examples of Early Victorian Greek Revival and Late Victorian Romanesque Revival. A majority of the homes have ten- to fourteen-foot ceilings, tall distinctive windows, wood floors, and plaster walls. Exteriors are brick and mortar facades with attractive cornices and marble steps. On the side streets and alleys there are an additional variety of charming two-story and two-story-with-attic rows. House prices range from $40,000 to $400,000.</p><br>
<h3>Schools</h3><br>
<h4>Southwest Baltimore Charter School</h4><br>
<p>Opened in August 2005, the Southwest Baltimore Charter School (SBCS) is located at 31 South Schroeder Street. Its K – 4 enrollment serves a diverse population in southwest Baltimore City. SBCS accomplishments include increases in reading performance across all grade levels and student performances at Taste the Arts, a Young Audiences Gala and fundraiser.</p><br>
<h4>Steuart Hill Academy (Baltimore City School #4)</h4><br>
<p>Steuart Hill Academy is located at 30 South Gilmor Street directly across the street from Union Square Park. The school was originally named Steuart Hill Elementary as a pre-K –6 school. The school&#39;s playground was torn down in 1999 and the school went without a playground for 4 years until awareness was brought to the attention of the city by a group of the students. In 2002 these students were presented a grant from the Department of Parks and Recreation for $1 million. This money was used to rebuild their playground and several other Baltimore City playgrounds as well. In 2002, Steuart Hill Academy enrolled as a pre-K – 8 school.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The District is bounded by South Fulton Street to the west and South Schroeder Street to the east, with north and south borders of West Baltimore and West Pratt Streets. Union Square proper, just west of the Market, is bounded by S. Stricker and S. Gilmore Streets from the east and west respectively, and by Hollins and W. Lombard Streets to the north and south. The area is built on a grid street system which conforms to the original 1818 layout of the area. Zip Code: 21223.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>Begun during the influx of English, Irish and German immigration of the 1830s, the Union Square / Hollins Market Historic District is a dense area of rowhouses that includes Federal, Greek Revival and Italianate architectural styles. To the west, Union Square Park contains an ornate fountain and Greek Revival pavilion, and forms one of the two open spaces preserved in the neighborhood. Hollins Market, in the east, is an Italianate-style market house built in 1838 and expanded in 1864, and is the oldest city market still in operation.</p><br>
<p>A large part of the neighborhood is built on the former estate of merchant-shipper Thorowgood Smith (1744–1810). Smith was Baltimores second mayor, from 1804 to 1808, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Calhoun (Calhoun Street passes through the Union Square neighborhood). In 1799, Smith built his summer home, Willow Brook, in the Palladian style popular in mid-18th century England and the United States. At the time, the property was on the outskirts of the city. Across town, next door to the Shot Tower (1828), Smiths principal residence is restored as the Circa 1790 Home, open to the public, and maintained by the Women&#39;s Civic League.</p><br>
<p>Upon the death of the childless Smith, the villa with twenty-six acres passed to his wife, the former Mary Blaikley Stith (1750–1822) and then to a nephew, merchant and privateer John Donnell.</p><br>
<p>Donnell was responsible for parceling out the first plots of land for the construction of homes. Three sons of John Donnell leased grounds around the park, laid out specifications for houses, and graded and paved streets bordering the Square in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Dubbed “Millionaire’s Row,” the portion of Stricker Street facing the Square featured the Italianate residences of bankers, investors, and factory owners. Other variations of the Italianate style lined the blocks leading up to and surrounding the square. Less ornate homes were put up in groups on side and alley streets, but all shared many identical features such as cornices, marble steps, and iron work. Developers and homeowners attempted to build the most economic dwellings possible, so they crammed narrow rowhouses along every road, avenue and alley in the district. Common brick was often used on side walls, with hard surface English brick on the front. The largest rooms were typically the front parlors and master bedrooms – smaller rooms were placed to the rear.</p><br>
<p>Ceiling medallions, cornices, staircase millwork, and fireplace designs were individualized features, chosen from home order catalogs. Most of the wrought or cast ironwork in the neighborhood was made in the Hayward, Bartlett, and Co. Factory near the B&O Yards to the south of the neighborhood. The buildings were brick and low-scale – no more than three stories except for some commercial buildings. Evenly spaced doorsteps, windows, and doors, as well as continuous rooflines create the visual rhythms for which Baltimore rowhouses are noted. Although residential construction ended in the 1880s, commercial building continued into the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The two-and-one-half acres for the park was approved for that use and donated by the Donnells in 1847. The park is one block square, bordered by Lombard, Stricker, Gilmor, and Hollins streets. The landscape of Union Square – with its walkways, pavilion, fountain, and wrought iron lamps – recalls Victorian Era Baltimore. Architect John F. Hoss designed the iron Greek-style pavilion with fluted columns in 1850 – it covers a natural spring that was once accessible by steps and, at one time, supplied water to the B&O Railroad. The source of the name “Union Square” is uncertain but probably reflects the patriotic sentiment of this time before the Civil War. Fog scenes of the Square, lights agleam over wet pavements and barren limbs, were often featured in local landscape artistry.</p><br>
<p>Willow Brook, the estate house, was acquired in 1864 by Emily Caton McTavish, granddaughter of Charles Carroll (a signer of the Declaration of Independence), and daughter of General Winfield “Old Fuss and Feathers” Scott (a hero in the War of 1812 and unsuccessful Whig presidential candidate in 1852). Within a year, she donated it to the Roman Catholic Church as a school for delinquent girls, under the administration of the Congregation of the Good Shepherd. Additions and renovations changed the original structure over the next 100 years until the school closed in 1965, the property was sold, and the buildings were dismantled. Willow Brook&#39;s interior oval drawing room had long enjoyed national acclaim and, still intact, it was moved to the Baltimore Museum of Art for public and permanent display. Steuart Hill Elementary School was constructed on the site. The area was designated a National Register Historic District in 1967, two years after Willow Brook was razed.</p><br>
<p>The original iron urns in the park were smelted down during World War II for the war effort. Economic decline occurred in the mid-20th until extensive rehabilitation began during a renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s. The Square benefitted from new lighting, shrubs, pink sidewalks, and cast iron benches installed during the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Hollins Market</h3><br>
<p>The city&#39;s oldest market structure still in use, Hollins Market is part of the Baltimore public market system that began in 1763. In 1835, the City granted a petition of piano manufacturer Joseph Newman and “others” to erect a market house at their own expense. Banker George T. Dunbar donated the land which, at that time, was on the western fringe of the city. The doors opened in September 1836 and the market soon became very successful, but the fragile structure blew down in a windstorm two years later. Newman organized the effort to quickly rebuild and re-open the market by the end of 1839. The market was named for John Smith Hollins (1786–1856), an estate owner in West Baltimore and one-term mayor of the city from 1852 to 1854.</p><br>
<p>In 1863, the City Council appropriated $23,000 to erect the high-ceilinged Italianate red brick edifice as an addition to the old market house. As this was during the divisive time of the Civil War, the council refused to consider any bid for the market&#39;s construction that did not come from “parties... known to be thoroughly and unconditionally Union Men.”</p><br>
<p>By 1900, Hollins Market stretched from Poppleton to Carey Streets, with 160 inside and 180 outside stalls. Over the years, an assortment of West Baltimore butchers, various European and Asian immigrants with vendor traditions, and African-American merchants have all sold and purchased meats, farm-fresh produce, baked goods, and home-produced wares. Somewhat smaller today, the traditions and diversity of the market and the quality of goods still holds true. The 1990 Barry Levinson film “Avalon” depicts Hollins Market in its heyday.</p><br>
<p>Hollins Market, at 26 South Arlington Street, is open Monday through Saturday from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. It is closed on Sunday.</p><br>
<h3>Malachai Mills</h3><br>
<p>At 1504 W. Baltimore Street is the residence of Malachai Mills, a free-born African-American businessman in the early and mid-19th century. Mr. Mills was a prominent cabinetmaker and carpenter, providing furnishings and carpentry for many of the early homes in the neighborhood. Bill Adler of the Union Square neighborhood is at the head of a preservation effort to revitalize this valuable structure as a “historic life museum” and as a preservation, fine arts, or urban studies field site for local universities.</p><br>
<h3>H. L. Mencken House</h3><br>
<p>Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985, this Italianate brick row house at 1524 Hollins Street was the home of one of Baltimore&#39;s most famous citizens – noted Baltimore Sun journalist and author Henry Louis Mencken lived here from 1883 until his death in 1956. Mencken wrote of his home: “I have lived in one house in Baltimore for nearly 45 years. It has changed in that time, as I have – but somehow it still remains the same.... It is as much a part of me as my two hands. If I had to leave it I’d be as certainly crippled as if I lost a leg.”</p><br>
<p>After his death on January 26, 1956, his home was bequeathed to the University of Maryland. In 1983 the City of Baltimore acquired the H. L. Mencken House from the University, in exchange for the Old Pine Street Station. With period furniture, his restored second-floor office, and backyard gazebo, the H. L. Mencken House opened as part of the City Life Museums and a center for theatrical, literary and musical events. Although the City Life Museums closed in 1997, a $3 million donation from retired naval commander Max Hency allowed the organization to begin renovating the house, and it opened to the public in 2019, though only by prior reservation.</p><br>
<h2>Celebrating History</h2><br>
<p>The park and fountain – as well as parts of Stricker, Hollins and Lombard streets – were transported back to the 1850s when Union Square played the title role in the lush 1997 movie adaptation of Henry James&#39;s biting novel Washington Square from acclaimed director Agnieszka Holland.</p><br>
<p>The excitement continued in 1997 as the community celebrated the sesquicentennial of Union Square with a re-dedication of the park including the placement of a stone tablet commemorating the event at the foot of one of the pavilion columns. The celebration was highlighted with concerts and a marching band performance, and the dedication of a new park at Pratt and Gilmor streets.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the census of 2000, there were 5,420 people living in the neighborhood. The racial makeup of Union Square was 30.2% White, 63.4% African American, 0.0% Native American, 3.0% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population. 38.0% of occupied housing units were owner-occupied. 34.9% of housing units were vacant.</p><br>
<p>49.5% of the population were employed, 7.4% were unemployed, and 43.7% were not in the labor force. The median household income was $30,765. About 14.9% of families and 27.5% of the population were below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes Memorial Hall, commonly known as Rhodes Hall, is a historic house located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It was built as the home of furniture magnate Amos Giles Rhodes, proprietor of Atlanta-based Rhodes Furniture. The Romanesque Revival house occupies a prominent location on Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is open to the public and has been the home of The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Inspiration</h2><br>
<p>Rhodes Hall is a Romanesque Revival 9,000 ft&sup2; house inspired by the Rhineland castles that Rhodes admired on a trip to Europe in the late 1890s. Architect Willis F. Denny designed the unique home with Stone Mountain granite, incorporating medieval Romanesque, Victorian, and Arts and Crafts designs as well as necessary adaptations for an early 20th-century home. After two years of construction, the house was completed in 1904.</p><br>
<h2>Victorian architecture</h2><br>
<p>Known as Le Rêve ("The Dream"), Rhodes Hall is one of the finest intact expressions of medievalism and late Victorian architectural design in Atlanta. The grandest feature of the interior is a magnificent series of stained and painted glass windows that rise above a carved mahogany staircase. The three-panel series depicts the rise and fall of the Confederacy from Fort Sumter to Appomattox, and includes medallion portraits of over a dozen Confederates. These confederate officers include ardent opponents of reconstruction (Robert Toombs, 1810–1885), a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (Nathan Bedford Forrest, 1821–1877), and the head of the Ku Klux Klan in the State of Georgia (John B. Gordon, 1832–1904).</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The house cost Rhodes $50,000 to build in 1904. Wired for electricity when it was built, Rhodes Hall is a prime example of the fascination that new technology held for Atlantans at the turn of the century. Over 300 light bulbs light the entire house. The house also had electric call buttons in most rooms as well as a security system. Among the materials used to build the home, the mahogany was from the West Indies and the exterior granite was brought over in 500-pound (227 kg) blocks in wagons from Stone Mountain, located about 25 mi east of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>Although Rhodes Hall is now surrounded by commercial buildings and heavy traffic, it has survived damage due to careful historic preservation and restoration efforts. After the death of Rhodes and his wife, their children deeded the house to the USA state of Georgia, with a restriction that it be used for "historic purposes". State historian Ruth Blair moved the Georgia Department of Archives and History to the house, and lived in the house as well. It was used to house the Georgia State Archives from 1930 to 1965. After the Archives moved to a more modern building, Rhodes Hall continued to provide archive services as a branch.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 Rhodes Hall was transferred to the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, which undertook a long-term restoration program. The main stair and windows, which had been moved to the new Archives, were brought back and re-installed in 1990.</p><br>
<p>From 1984 to 1992, the house was a haunted house attraction every year for Halloween, prior to renovation and conversion to a museum.</p><br>
<h2>House museum</h2><br>
<p>Rhodes Hall is used as both an event space and as the offices of the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation. There are house tours on Saturdays (from 10 - 2, the last tour starts at 1) and group tours can be given on other days with advance arrangement. Rhodes Hall is also available for rentals including weddings, receptions, corporate events, cocktail gatherings, and birthday parties.</p><br>
<h2>Rhodes Center</h2><br>
<p>In 1937, the Rhodes Center, Atlanta&#39;s first shopping center, was built on the north, west and south sides of Rhodes Hall (). Only the south building remains.</p><br>
<p>Bombergers Distillery, more recently Michters Distillery, is a non-operating distillery facility that was, at the end of the twentieth century, believed to be the oldest remaining such building in the United States. The distillery closed in 1989. Although there are whiskey products currently on the market using the Bombergers and Michters brand names, they are more recently introduced products that have no direct connection to the old distillery.</p><br>
<p>The complex, which is located near Schaefferstown, Pennsylvania, represented the transformation of whiskey distilling from an agricultural enterprise into a large-scale industry. The surviving still house, warehouse, and jug house date from about 1840, but the site has a documented history of spirit production since 1753.</p><br>
<p>Bombergers was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1980. The facility was Americas smallest commercial distiller at the time of its 1989 closure.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1753, John and Michael Shenk, Swiss Mennonite farmers, began distilling rye whiskey at the site. John Shenks son-in-law, Rudolph Meyer, acquired the distillery and another relative, John Kratzer, ran the business from 1827 to about 1860. Several of the buildings date to Kratzers tenure. About 1860, Abraham Bomberger, a Pennsylvania Dutchman who had ties to the Shenk family, purchased the distillery from the Kratzer family. With Prohibition the distillery closed in 1919. Ephraim Sechrist bought the distillery in 1920, but did not operate it until 1934 after Prohibition ended, selling it to Louis Forman in 1942. Forman sold the distillery soon after he was drafted for service in World War II, but repurchased it in 1950 after two other owners. One of these owners was Schenley Distilleries.</p><br>
<p>Forman and his master distiller, Charles Everett Beam, of the well known Kentucky distilling family, designed a premium old-fashioned pot-still mash whiskey that they named "Michters Original Sour Mash Whiskey" after Formans sons Michael and Peter.</p><br>
<p>In 1951 Forman distilled the first batch of Michters, but by the time it had aged the required six years a recession prevented him from selling it. The distillery was acquired by Pennco Distillers, while Forman kept the formula and the aged whiskey. Pennco then used the facility for contract distilling until 1978 and Forman distributed Michters Whiskey through his liquor wholesaling business. Sometime around 1978, Forman and his Lebanon County backers organized Michters Distillery, Inc., which bought the distillery at the foreclosure sale of Pennco. Michters and the distillery finally closed in 1989 after a bankruptcy filling.</p><br>
<p>Today the distillery is severely deteriorated from lack of maintenance and the former owner, a woodworker named Dwight Hostetter, sold it in 2011 to John Barry of JJC Investments.</p><br>
<p>Since 2004, whiskeys, including bourbon, rye, and a version of the Michters Original Sour Mash brand, made in Kentucky, have been sold under the Michters label, now owned by Chatham Imports, Inc. The company has built a new distillery in Louisville, also known as the Michter&#39;s Distillery, with spirit production having commenced.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Heritage Spirits began using the Bomberger&#39;s Distillery brand name on a small-production blend of straight whiskeys sourced from other distilleries. The blending and bottling of the new brand is done at the Thistle Finch Distillery in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>As of October 2017, the company built and operates a distillery in Lititz, Pennsylvania, eight miles south of the original location, operating under the name of Stoll & Wolfe Distillery.</p><br>
<p>Idora Park  was an amusement park in Youngstown, Ohio, United States, also known as "Youngstown&#39;s Million Dollar Playground."</p><br>
<p>Built by the Youngstown Park and Falls Street Railway Company, the parks expansion coincided with the growth of the South Side of Youngstown, Ohio, in the Fosterville neighborhood. Prior to its closure in the wake of a devastating fire, Idora Park was one of the nations few remaining urban amusement parks.</p><br>
<h2>Opening and early development</h2><br>
<p>The park opened as Terminal Park on May 30, 1899, which was Decoration Day (now known as Memorial Day). At that time in America, it was common for amusement parks called trolley parks to sprout at the end of trolley lines to generate weekend revenue. Without an admission fee, anyone who could afford the trolley fare could enter the park. This trolley park&#39;s first season presented its guests a bandstand, theater, dance pavilion, a roller coaster, a circle swing, and concession stands. It was later renamed Idora Park.</p><br>
<p>When a bridge spanning the Mahoning River opened on Youngstown&#39;s Market Street on May 23, 1899, the entire South Side was unrolled for development. The trolley line linking the downtown to Idora Park ran south on Market, west on Warren, south on Hillman Street, Sherwood west to Glenwood Avenue, then cruised through Parkview Avenue (west) into the Idora terminal.</p><br>
<h2>Major attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Roller coasters</h3><br>
<p>One of the park&#39;s many attractions was a wooden roller coaster with a length of 3,000 ft and the height of 85 feet high, called the Wild Cat, which opened in 1930. The state-of-the-art, three-minute ride was hailed by roller coaster connoisseurs across the country. The Wild Cat was designed by Herbert Paul Schmeck, who held 100 patents for roller coaster innovations. In 1984, the Wild Cat was still ranked among the top ten roller coasters in the world.</p><br>
<p>Another notable feature at the park was the Jack Rabbit, a wooden roller coaster constructed in 1910 by TM Harden. Standing 70 feet (21 meters) tall and spanning 2,200 feet (670 meters) in length, it provided a ride lasting two minutes and thirty seconds. During the 1930s, the coaster underwent expansions and structural adjustments.In a bid to attract more visitors for the 1984 season, the parks owners decided to reverse the direction of the Jack Rabbits trains and rebranded it as the Back Wabbit.</p><br>
<h3>Kiddieland</h3><br>
<p>The Kiddieland area was originally a giant concrete swimming pool. When the park was built, it included the pool and a large bath house. A large hole was drilled into the pool to connect to an underground saltwater spring, creating the only saltwater pool in the country. To address the parks space concerns, the pool was replaced with a childrens rides section during the 1950s. The bath house became a shelter and storage area.</p><br>
<p>The Kiddieland area included smaller and slower rides for children, some of which were touted as miniature versions of Idora Parks rides, such as the open-air of the. A small wooden roller coaster was considered a childrens version of one of the featured large-scale rollercoasters. Other attractions included an open air, roofed picnic table area (where attendees could serve food they brought from outside the park) and an old-fashioned automobile pathway which had a self-guiding track but allowed for a minor amount of steering so that even children could feel they were actually driving these low-powered gasoline vehicles. Childrens midway games were also present.</p><br>
<h3>Ballroom</h3><br>
<p>The Idora Park Ballroom opened June 30, 1910. The open-air ballroom was based on one in Coney Island, New York. It was billed as the largest dance floor between New York City and Chicago. The hardwood-floored ballroom eventually became enclosed to allow for year-round use.</p><br>
<p>Idora Parks house band played in the ballroom until the advent of radio in the 1930s. Radio increased the level of listener sophistication, and Idora Park soon began to hire to big-name bands. Subsequent decades brought glorious entertainment to the ballroom: dances, concerts, New Years parties, and Presidential campaign visits from John F. Kennedy. High-profile musical acts that played the ballroom included: the Glenn Miller Orchestra, the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, the Eagles, Ray Charles, Maynard Ferguson, Blue Öyster Cult and The Monkees.</p><br>
<h2>Other attractions</h2><br>
<p>Additional attractions and features of Idora Park included Kooky Castle, a haunted house; Laffin Lena&#39;s, a funhouse (which featured a hall of mirrors); Old Saw Mill, a water boat ride; Tilt-O-Whirl; the Scrambler; the Caterpillar; the Orbit prior to the Scrambler; bumper-cars; a Ferris Wheel; a small passenger train (Idora Express) which traveled through the park; and a spinning ride (The Rockets) with three bus-sized stainless steel open-air rocket ships which were attached by thick cables. The base of the rocket ride were refreshments and cotton candy. Adjacent to the rocket ride was a french fry stand which was one of the most popular and famous items sold at Idora Park. Midway games, including a shooting gallery and a penny arcade, were present in several locations of the park along with a miniature golf course.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>Idora Park thrived through the decades, yet it also faced continual competition from larger state and national amusement parks. Landlocked on its 27 acre, Idora had no options for expansion. As the automobile became the preferred mode of transportation, trolley lines died out, and so did many trolley parks. The primary reason Idora had survived was it had become the preferred location for ethnic, church, and company picnics.</p><br>
<p>Youngstown Sheet and Tube, one of the largest employers in the Mahoning Valley, announced the closure of one of its largest mills on September 19, 1977. The overnight loss of nearly 5,000 jobs greatly impacted the Youngstown region&#39;s economy and Idora Park directly.</p><br>
<p>During the hardship the community was suffering, Idora Park still boasted existing rides. The Idora Park Merry-Go-Round was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In 1976, Idora Park was named one of the nations 100 best amusement parks in Gary Kyriazis book, Great American Amusement Parks. By 1980, the Wild Cat and Jack Rabbit were recognized in publications as some of the best coasters in the country.</p><br>
<p>Nonetheless, by the early 1980s, the park was a relic that also housed relics: it now housed rides from other parks, such as Euclid Beach Park in Cleveland and West View Park outside of Pittsburgh, that met their end in the 1960s and &#39;70s.</p><br>
<h3>1984 fire</h3><br>
<p>A devastating fire on April 26, 1984 destroyed the Wild Cat roller coaster, the Lost River ride, eleven concession stands, and the park office. Employees scrambled to save park records, but only some of the most current files were pulled to safety, while older files and historical records were lost. Employees tried to extinguish the growing flames with hand extinguishers, but soon realized that the fire was out of control.</p><br>
<p>Twelve fire companies responded to the fire, which spread quickly as winds carried it across concession stands and on to the midway. Many off-duty firefighters also responded to the call to help contain flames that spread along the Wild Cats wooden tracks and threatened the merry-go-round, which was scorched but ultimately saved from destruction. Firefighters found themselves at a disadvantage with a lack of in-park hydrants, poor water pressure, and aged wooden rides and buildings. They finally tamed the blaze by running lines to hydrants outside the park.</p><br>
<p>Final damage was estimated in millions of dollars. Intense heat melted paint in various areas of the gazebo. The south horseshoe of the Wild Cat was destroyed, and the repair cost was prohibitive.</p><br>
<p>The park operated through the summer of 1984, but with the premier ride gone, a decision was made to close permanently. Idora Park welcomed its last visitors on September 16, 1984.</p><br>
<p>On October 20–21, 1984, an auction was conducted by Norton Auctioneers of Coldwater, Michigan to dispose of the rides and equipment. The remaining coasters (Wild Cat, Jack Rabbit, Baby Wild Cat), and many other buildings (Ballroom, Kiddieland complex, French Fry stand) were abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>New ownership</h2><br>
<p>In 1985, Mt. Calvary Pentecostal Church in Youngstown bought the Idora property and announced plans for a religious complex, to be named the "City of God". The Ballroom remained open for various events until Memorial Day 1986. The church lost access to the property in 1989 after accumulating more than $500,000 in debt on the land.</p><br>
<h3>Deterioration</h3><br>
<p>In an interview with the Youngstown Vindicator on October 16, 1984, former Idora Park owner Max Rindin was asked what would happen to the Park after it closed. “In time,” he said. “It’ll all be torched.” Gradually, his prophecy came true. Another fire at the abandoned park on May 3, 1986, destroyed the Heidelberg Gardens, Kooky Castle (haunted house), Laffin Lena&#39;s (fun house), and the Helter Skelter bumper car buildings. But until that fire, there was always a tangible reminder of Idora Park.</p><br>
<p>Over time, Mt. Calvary failed to build their religious complex, the property decayed, and it was not secured from trespassers. The former Idora Park&#39;s remaining structures were eventually vandalized, destroyed by natural elements, or succumbed to arson.</p><br>
<h3>Calls for preservation</h3><br>
<p>By 1999, Conneaut Lake Park Management Group (which had taken over Conneaut Lake Park in Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania; about 65 mi from Idora Park), attempted to negotiate the purchase of either the Jack Rabbit or Wild Cat from the property owners. Blueprints for both rides were still available, so they could be refurbished at Conneaut. The group also planned to purchase the complete merry-go-round from the owners in New York. These plans never materialized. The ballroom, Jack Rabbit, and Wild Cat remained unpreserved on the property.</p><br>
<h3>2001 fire</h3><br>
<p>On March 5, 2001, the final chapter to Idora Parks history was written when the Ballroom burned down. The fire reportedly started in the basement and was suspicious in nature. The Jack Rabbit and other remaining wooden structures were not destroyed by this fire. Days after the fire, an interview with the property owners stated that they "offered to allow (preservation groups) to take the roller coasters down as long as they funded it and had proper insurance and bonding". However, on July 26, 2001, the Wild Cat, Jack Rabbit, and all other decaying structures (all unsalvageable) were demolished by bulldozers to prevent any future fires. City officials had asked that the coasters be removed since they were hazardous to the public. Both the Jack Rabbit and Wild Cat were listed on the American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) preservation list. Inaction by the park property owners to preserve these remaining Idora Park historic structures ultimately led to their destruction. In a 2001 news conference following the Ballrooms messy asbestos cleanup, Mt. Calvary Pentecostal Church restated that: "This future complex (City of God) will only help the entire community but especially youth... hopes to break ground no later than next spring (2002). The entire project should take at least two years to complete." As of May 3, 2013, Mt. Calvary Pentecostal Church has yet to break ground on the "City of God" project.</p><br>
<h2>Future development possibilities</h2><br>
<p>Although the property still belongs to Mt. Calvary Pentecostal Church, the land is vacant of buildings, and City of God project was never realized. "The Mahoning County Common Pleas Court dismissed the delinquent tax case against the owners of the former Idora Park...." The case was dismissed because one of the parties named in the suit, Teen Missions International, Inc. of Merritt Island, Florida, paid the delinquent taxes on behalf of Mt. Calvary Church. Teen Missions International helps churches and other religious organizations with financing different projects. Teen Missions has loaned nearly $1.2 million to Mount Calvary over a period of time to help develop the Idora property. Mt. Calvary Church subsequently filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy by February 2017, with the majority of the outstanding debt being related to the delinquent taxes on the Idora Park property.</p><br>
<p>The Youngstown 2010 redevelopment and city revitalization plans have also stated their interest in acquiring the property to utilize it as a green space extension of nearby Mill Creek Park. These plans are on hold until the city can obtain the property from the Church (possibly through eminent domain), or alternative ownership acquires the property from the Church&#39;s outstanding $1.5 million lawsuit.</p><br>
<p>In April 2014, Jim and Toni Amey of nearby Canfield, Ohio, owners of many Idora Park artifacts, opened a museum next to their house called The Idora Park Experience, showcasing many of the artifacts. The museum opens approximately twice a year, and also sells commemorative items related to the park. Following the Mt. Calvary Church&#39;s bankruptcy filing, the owners of the museum told the bankruptcy court that they planned on making a bid for the property, valued at $52,000. Despite offering more money than the property was worth, Mt. Calvary Church refused to sell the property, though the couple hoped that bankruptcy court would force a sale by public auction.</p><br>
<h2>Better fate of the carousel</h2><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump is a defunct amusement ride and a landmark in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, along the Riegelmann Boardwalk at Coney Island. Situated in Steeplechase Plaza near the B&B Carousell, the structure consists of a 250 ft, 170 ST open-frame, steel parachute tower. Twelve cantilever steel arms radiate from the top of the tower; when the ride was in operation, each arm supported a parachute attached to a lift rope and a set of guide cables. Riders were belted into a two-person canvas seat, lifted to the top, and dropped. The parachute and shock absorbers at the bottom would slow their descent.</p><br>
<p>International Parachuting Inc. was selected in May 1938 to operate the Parachute Jump at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in New York City. Capped by a 12 ft flagpole, it was the second-tallest structure at the fair. The ride was sponsored by Life Savers during the fairs first season, and it was relocated during the fairs second season to attract more visitors. In 1941, after the Worlds Fair, it was moved again to the Steeplechase amusement park on Coney Island. It ceased operations in the 1960s following the park&#39;s closure, and the frame fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>Despite proposals to either demolish or restore the ride, disputes over its use caused it to remain unused through the 1980s. The Parachute Jump has been renovated several times since the 1990s, both for stability and for aesthetic reasons. In the 2000s, it was restored and fitted with a lighting system. The lights were activated in 2006 and replaced in a subsequent project in 2013. It has been lit up in commemoration of events such as the death of Kobe Bryant. The ride, the only remaining portion of Steeplechase Park, is a New York City designated landmark and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump is on the Riegelmann Boardwalk at Coney Island between West 16th and West 19th Streets. It consists of a hexagonal base, upon which stands a six-sided steel structure. Each of the towers legs consists of a 12 in flange column braced with horizontal ribs at 7 ft intervals and diagonal ribs between the horizontal beams. The legs are grounded on concrete foundations, each of which contains twelve timber piles. The diagonal and horizontal ribs intersect at gusset plates, which contain splices at 30 ft intervals and are riveted to the base. A ladder is on the north side of the structure, extending from the top of the base. There are anti-climbing devices on the frame. The frame has about 8,000 lighting fixtures, which are used for night-time light shows. The towers wide base gives it stability, while the top is tapered off.</p><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump is 250 ft tall. When the ride operated at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, it was 262 ft tall, since it was topped by a 12 ft flagpole. Twelve drop points are at the top, marked by structural steel arms, which extend outward 45 ft from the towers center, and support octagonal subframes at the far end of each arm. Eight parachute guidelines were suspended from each subframe, which helped keep the parachute open. A circular structure runs atop the subframes, connecting them to each other. Walkways were above the top of the tower, as well as along each arm.</p><br>
<p>Functional parachutes dangled from each of the twelve sub-frames and were held open by metal rings. Each parachute required three cable operators. Riders were belted into two-person canvas seats hanging below the closed parachutes. The parachutes would open as the riders were hoisted to the top of the ride, where release mechanisms would drop them. The parachutes slowed the rider&#39;s descent, and the seats would be stopped by a brake after they had fallen to 4 ft above ground level.</p><br>
<p>The base consists of a two-story pavilion. The upper floor housed mechanical structures and hoisting machinery, while the ground floor contained ticket booths and a waiting room. The pavilion has six sides divided by fluted piers which slope upward toward the corrugated galvanized-iron roof. The upper floor of the pavilion has red, yellow, and blue walls. The lower floor, below the height of the boardwalk, contained fenced-off open space. The 4 in concrete platform surrounding the pavilion is several steps beneath the boardwalk level. It was originally intended as a landing pad for riders and has a radius of 68 ft. An access ramp was at the northeast corner of the platform.</p><br>
<h2>Precursors</h2><br>
<p>By the 1930s, parachutists could be trained by jumping from parachute towers rather than from aircraft. Accordingly, Stanley Switlik and George P. Putnam built a 115 ft tower on Switlik&#39;s farm in Ocean County, New Jersey. The tower, which was designed to train airmen in parachute jumping, was first publicly used on June 2, 1935, when Amelia Earhart jumped from it.</p><br>
<p>The "parachute device" was patented by retired USA Naval Commander James H. Strong along with Switlik, inspired by early practice towers Strong had seen in the Soviet Union, where simple wooden towers had been used to train paratroopers since the 1920s. Strong designed a safer version of the tower, which included eight guide wires in a circle surrounding the parachute. Strong filed a patent in 1935</p><br>
<p>Strong sold military versions of the tower to the Romanian and USA armies, and he installed towers in New Jersey and Fort Benning, Georgia. He converted an existing observation tower in Chicagos Riverview Park into a six-chute amusement ride. This enterprise, the "Pair-O-Chutes", performed well enough that Strong applied to build and operate a jump at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Another jump, also reportedly designed by Strong, was installed at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris in 1937.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<h3>1939 World&#39;s Fair</h3><br>
<p>Grover Whalen, the president of the New York Worlds Fair Corporation (WFC), selected International Parachuting Inc. in May 1938 to operate a parachute drop at the Worlds Fair. This was the first concession to be awarded for an amusement ride at the fair. The ride, known as the Parachute Jump, was to be in the fairs amusement zone, along the eastern shore of Meadow Lake in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens. Originally, the ride was placed near the southern end of the fairgrounds amusement area. L. C. Holden and R. D. Stott were hired to design the ride, and the firm of Skinner, Cook & Babcock was awarded the contract for the ride&#39;s erection in November 1938. Construction of the Parachute Jump began the following month on December 11, 1938.</p><br>
<p>Elwyn E. Seelye & Co. designed the steelwork, Bethlehem Steel manufactured the tower pieces, and Skinner, Cook & Babcock assembled the pieces onsite. The construction cost about $99,000. investing $15,000 and decorated its tower with brightly lit, candy-shaped rings. Although the fair opened April 28, 1939, the Parachute Jumps aerial elevators had not been completed at that time. By late May 1939, just before the ride opened, Life Savers had begun installing billboards at the rides base.</p><br>
<h4>1939 season</h4><br>
<p>The Life Savers Parachute Jump opened on. eleven would eventually be used at the fair. Within three days of the rides opening, a 12 ft flagpole was added atop the original 250 ft tower to surpass the height of a statue within the Soviet Pavilion. The flagpole had been installed because members of the public had objected to the Soviet statue being placed higher than the United States flag. It was the second-tallest structure in the fair, aside from the Perisphere, which stood 700 ft tall.</p><br>
<p>The ride accommodated 4,500 passengers on its first two half-days of operation. The jump earned $119,524 in its first three months of operation. At the end of the first season on November 1, 1939, the jump had recorded 551,960 visitors.</p><br>
<h4>1940 season</h4><br>
<p>The Parachute Jumps popularity was negatively affected by its secluded location. After the Life Savers sponsorship ended at the conclusion of the 1939 season, the WFC decided to relocate the ride to attract more visitors. The relocation was announced in December 1939, The new location was near the New York City Subways Worlds Fair station, occupying part of the Childrens World site at the northeast corner of the amusement area. The WFC also considered installing lights atop the Parachute Jump to increase its visibility. By the beginning of April 1940, workers were installing dozens of 60 ft pilings to support the Parachute Jump. The project cost $88,500.</p><br>
<p>The ride was originally supposed to be completed by May 8, 1940. The chutes were installed on May 1, and the guide wires were still being installed when the fair reopened on May 11. The reopening was delayed by disagreements between International Parachuting Inc. and James Strong. International Parachuting sued Strong to prevent him from selling the rights to the ride to third parties, over a month after the fairs reopening. In July 1940, in response to the implementation of a federal amusement tax, the rides operators reduced the ticket prices to for adults and for children. During the fair&#39;s second season, a couple was married on the Parachute Jump in what one newspaper described as the first-ever "parachute ceremony".</p><br>
<p>The relocation of the Parachute Jump, and the consolidation of concessions in the amusement area, helped improve business for the 1940 season. The Parachute Jump ultimately was the fairs second-most popular amusement attraction, behind the Billy Roses Aquacade stage show. A half-million guests had jumped from the tower before the end of the World&#39;s Fair. The Parachute Jump was slated to be sent to either Coney Island in Brooklyn or Palisades Amusement Park in New Jersey following the fair. Relocation to Coney Island was considered as early as August 1940; both Luna Park and Steeplechase Park were interested in purchasing the ride during this time. After the fair closed in October 1940, its operators announced that the Parachute Jump would be sent to Coney Island.</p><br>
<h3>Steeplechase Park</h3><br>
<p>Frank Tilyou and George Tilyou Jr., the owners of Steeplechase Park, acquired the jump for.</p><br>
<p>The jump reopened in May 1941. Unlimited rides on the Parachute Jump were initially included within Steeplechase Parks single admission fee, which cost at the time of the rides relocation. The Parachute Jump originally used the multicolored chutes from the World&#39;s Fair; by the mid-1940s, these had been replaced with white chutes. According to Jim McCollough, a business partner and nephew of the Tilyou brothers, the frame was repainted every year.</p><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump attracted up to half a million riders during each annual operating season. The experience was described as similar to "flying in a free fall". The Parachute Jump was popular among off-duty military personnel, who took their friends and loved ones to the ride. Occasionally, riders became stuck mid-jump or were tangled within the cables. The ride was subject to shutdowns on windy days, especially when breezes exceeded 45 mph.</p><br>
<p>Coney Islands popularity receded during the 1960s as it underwent increased crime, insufficient parking facilities, and patterns of bad weather. These difficulties were exacerbated by competition from the 1964 New York Worlds Fair, also in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, which led to a record low patronage at Steeplechase Park. On September 20, 1964, Steeplechase Park closed for the last time, and the next year, the property was sold to developer Fred Trump. On the site of Steeplechase Park, Trump proposed building a 160 ft enclosed dome with recreational facilities and a convention center.</p><br>
<h3>Closure</h3><br>
<p>The Parachute Jump stopped operating as part of Steeplechase Park upon the latters closure in 1964. Sources disagree on whether the ride closed permanently or continued to operate until as late as 1968. The Coney Island historian Charles Denson explained that the jump closed in 1964 but that many publications give an erroneous date of 1968. The nonprofit Coney Island History Project maintains that the attraction closed in 1964 and the 1968 date was based on an inaccurate newspaper article. The Guide to New York City Landmarks also mentions that the ride closed in 1964, while the Brooklyn Paper says the jump was shuttered in 1965. A New York Daily News article in 1965 said the Parachute Jump was nonoperational and had "been stripped of its wires and chutes". A New York World-Telegram article the following year described a plan to restore Steeplechase Park, which included turning the Parachute Jump into the "worlds largest bird feeding station".</p><br>
<p>Several sources state that the jump operated until 1968. According to a press release in 1965, when the Parachute Jump was ostensibly still operating, it attracted half a million visitors per year. A Daily News article from 1973 states the ride closed in 1968. Consulting engineer Helen Harrison and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation&#39;s website also cite a closure date of 1968, saying it was one of several small rides that were operated by concessionaires on the site of Steeplechase Park. According to Harrison, the last documented incident on the ride was on May 30, 1968, when a young girl was reported to have gotten stuck halfway through the drop.</p><br>
<h2>Post-closure</h2><br>
<h3>Acquisition of site</h3><br>
<p>In 1966, the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce petitioned the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) to make the Parachute Jump an official city landmark. Trump, however, wanted to sell it as scrap and did not think it was old enough to warrant landmark status. Trump rented out the area around the base as a concession, and it was encircled by a small go-kart track. The city government planned to allow a concessionaire to continue operating the Parachute Jump through a temporary lease.</p><br>
<p>Control of the jump passed to New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks), the municipal government agency tasked with maintaining the city&#39;s recreational facilities. but received no bids. NYC Parks had planned to demolish the Parachute Jump if no one was willing to buy it. A study conducted in 1972 found the jump was structurally sound. At the time, there were proposals to give the tower landmark status and install a light show on it.</p><br>
<p>The city government unsuccessfully attempted to redevelop the Steeplechase site as a state park. By the late 1970s, the city government wanted to build an amusement park on the land. Norman Kaufman, who had run a small collection of fairground amusements on the Steeplechase site since the 1960s, was interested in reopening the Parachute Jump. Kaufman was evicted from the site in 1981, ending discussion of that plan.</p><br>
<h3>Landmark status</h3><br>
<p>After it was abandoned, the jump became a haunt for teenagers and young adults to climb, Despite its deterioration, it remained a focal point of the community; Organizations such as the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce and the Gravesend Historical Society decided to save the structure, though the LPC could not consider such a designation unless NYC Parks indicated it was not interested in developing the Parachute Jump site as a park. On July 12, 1977, the LPC designated the tower as a city landmark. When the designation was presented to the New York City Board of Estimate three months later, the board declined to certify the landmark designation. NYC Parks had said the structure would cost $10,000 a year to maintain. Despite the city&#39;s reluctance to designate the structure as a landmark, the Parachute Jump was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The city government questioned the tower&#39;s safety. A 1982 survey concluded the tower would need a $500,000 renovation to stabilize the ground underneath (equivalent to $million in ) and another $1 million to restore it to operating condition (about $million in ). The survey estimated it would cost at least $300,000 to demolish the structure, making demolition too costly an option. The cheapest option, simply maintaining the structure, would have cost $10,000 a year. The local community board recommended that the Parachute Jump be demolished if it could not be fixed, but NYC Parks commissioner Henry Stern said in January 1984 that his department had "decided to let it stand".</p><br>
<p>Stern dismissed the possibility of making the Parachute Jump operational again, calling it a "totally useless structure" and saying that even the Eiffel Tower had a restaurant. Stern said he welcomed the community&#39;s proposals for reusing the Parachute Jump but other agency officials said the plans presented thus far, which included turning the jump into a giant windmill, were "quixotic, at best". In the mid-1980s, restaurant mogul Horace Bullard proposed rebuilding Steeplechase Park; his plans included making the Parachute Jump operational again. At the time, the Parachute Jump was described as a "symbol of despair" because no real effort had been made to restore or clean up the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the LPC hosted meetings to determine the feasibility of granting landmark status to the Parachute Jump, Wonder Wheel, and Coney Island Cyclone. Two years later, on May 23, 1989, the LPC restored city landmark status to the Parachute Jump. Following this, the Board of Estimate granted permission for Bullard to develop his amusement park on the Steeplechase site, including reopening the Parachute Jump. These plans were delayed because of a lack of funds.</p><br>
<h3>Restorations and lighting</h3><br>
<p>In 1991, the city government announced an expenditure to prevent the jump from collapsing, though there was insufficient funding in the city budget. The city government stabilized the structure in 1993 and painted it in its original colors, although the structure still suffered from rust in the salt air. The thrill-ride company Intamin was enlisted to determine whether the Parachute Jump could again be made operational. Bullard&#39;s redevelopment plan clashed with another proposal that would build a sports arena, such as a minor-league baseball stadium, on the site. The Bullard deal was negated in 1994, and the site directly north of the Parachute Jump was developed into a sports stadium, KeySpan Park, which opened in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC) assumed responsibility for the tower in 2000. The project was originally budgeted at, but the cost ultimately increased to, excluding the high insurance premiums that would need to be paid on the attraction. Because the cost of bringing the jump to safety standards would have been excessively high, the renovation was abandoned.</p><br>
<h4>2002 restoration and first lighting project</h4><br>
<p>In 2002, the EDC started renovating the Parachute Jump for $5 million. The NYCEDC contracted engineering firm STV to rehabilitate the structure. The upper part of the tower was dismantled, about two-thirds of the original structure was taken down, some of it replaced, and the structure was painted red. The restoration was completed around July 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Coney Island Development Corporation and the Van Alen Institute held an architecture contest in 2004 to determine future uses for the 7,800 ft&sup2; pavilion at the jump&#39;s base. More than 800 competitors from 46 countries participated. The results were announced the following year; there were one winning team, two runners-up with cash prizes, and nine honorable mentions. The winning design outlined a bowtie-shaped pavilion with lighting and an all-season activity center, which included a souvenir shop, restaurant, bar, and exhibition space.</p><br>
<p>The first night-time light show was held on July 7, 2006. The installation contained six animations and used most colors except for green, which would not have been visible on the towers red frame. The animations were based on events in the local calendar, including the boardwalks operating and non-operating seasons, the lunar cycle, the Coney Island Mermaid Parade, and national holidays such as Memorial Day and Labor Day. There is also a sequence called "Kaleidoscope" for other holidays. Officials said the lights were to be left on from dusk to midnight during summer and from dusk to 11:00 p.m. the rest of the year. In observance of the "Lights Out New York" initiative, which sought to reduce bird deaths from light pollution, the tower lighting went dark at 11:00 p.m. during the bird migratory seasons.</p><br>
<h4>2013 restoration and second lighting project</h4><br>
<p>Although Markowitz was initially satisfied with Schwendinger&#39;s light installation, by 2007 he was referring to her installation as "Phase I" of a multi-portion lighting upgrade. In February 2008, the city began planning a second phase of lights. Concurrently, starting in 2011, the 2.2 acre site around the tower was redeveloped as Steeplechase Plaza.</p><br>
<p>A $2 million renovation was completed in 2013, after which it contained 8,000 LED lights, in comparison with the 450 total after the first installation. The B&B Carousell, an early-20th-century carousel that had become part of Luna Park, was relocated to Steeplechase Plaza east of the Parachute Jump in 2013. The tower was lit up for its first New Years Eve Ball drop at the end of 2014, and since then, the Parachute Jump has been lit for New Years Eve each year. The Parachute Jump has also been lit up in recognition of special causes, such as World Autism Awareness Day and Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month, as well as to commemorate notable personalities, such as happened after the 2020 death of retired NBA basketball player Kobe Bryant.</p><br>
<h2>Impact</h2><br>
<p>When the Parachute Jump opened at the World&#39;s Fair, the Daily Times of Mamaroneck, New York, regarded the attraction as one of several "touches of the bizarre" at the fair. Because of its shape, the Parachute Jump has been nicknamed the "Eiffel Tower of Brooklyn". The New York Daily News compared the structure to an Erector Set toy in 1955, and another reporter for the same newspaper said in 2002 that the jump was "a rusting monument to the glory days of Coney Island". A writer for City Journal said hat the structure resembled a mushroom. Several works of media, such as Little Fugitive (1953), have also been filmed at the Parachute Jump.</p><br>
<p>Hunter House  is a historic house in Newport, Rhode Island. It is located at 54 Washington Street in the Easton&#39;s Point neighborhood, near the northern end of the Newport Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original portion of Hunter House was built in 1748 for Colonial Deputy Governor Jonathan Nichols Jr. This large 2½-story house has a balustraded gambrel roof and heavy stud construction. In 1756, the property was sold to Colonel Joseph Wanton Jr., who was a deputy governor of the colony and a merchant. Wanton enlarged the house by adding a south wing and a second chimney, transforming the building into a formal Georgian mansion with a large central hall.</p><br>
<p>Wanton remained a Loyalist during the American Revolution, and General William West ordered him to be imprisoned in Providence and tried by the legislature. He ultimately fled Newport when the British left the city. Local legend has it that space was at a premium aboard British ships when Loyalists were fleeing Newport, but Wanton had his own ship filled with goods and merchandise in preparation for what he hoped would be a short exile. However, the captain of the ship set sail while Wanton was ashore bidding farewell to his wife and turned over the ship to the Patriots in Providence as a prize of war, thus gaining the captain and crew a share of the prize money while simultaneously depriving Wanton of his wealth. The house was then used as the headquarters of Admiral de Ternay, commander of the French fleet when French forces stayed in Newport in 1780.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Senator and Ambassador William Hunter bought the house and transformed it into a formal Georgian Colonial mansion with a large central hall. The house was purchased in 1945 to prevent its demolition, leading to the formation of the Preservation Society of Newport County, and it was designated a National Historic Landmark on November 24, 1968. It is currently open for limited public tours.</p><br>
<p>The house displays period furnishings by Townsend and Goddard, paintings (including one by Gilbert Stuart), and a restored 18th-century garden. It is also known for its woodwork, including a carved pineapple over the doorway, a symbol of welcome throughout Colonial America. During the restoration, cabinetry that had been made in Newport was recovered from as far away as Scotland and installed in the house. Ralph Carpenter supervised the furniture restoration which includes "floor-to-ceiling paneling framed with bolection moldings, intricately twisted balusters on the stairs, eighteenth-century Delft tiles around many of the fireplaces, pilasters with Corinthian capitals, and marbleizing and grain painting throughout."</p><br>
<p>Naper Settlement, established in 1969, is a 12 acre outdoor history museum accredited by the American Alliance of Museums that consists of a collection of thirty historical buildings and structures from the Naperville, Illinois area. Many buildings were moved here from their original locations and refurbished in a style fitting of their time periods that range from 1831, when Naperville was founded, through the early 20th century. Visitors can come for hands-on activities and tours led by museum educators in period costumes. The Settlement is situated on land bequeathed to the City of Naperville in 1936 by Caroline Martin Mitchell.</p><br>
<h2>Martin Mitchell Mansion</h2><br>
<p>The Martin Mitchell Mansion, known to the original owners as Pine Craig, is a historic residence. The 12-room house was built with materials from Naperville businesses and stone from DuPage River quarries. George Martin II was the son of an immigrant from Scotland and made his fortune by taking advantage of local resources. He made agriculture his first venture, cultivating a farm and gradually expanding his land holdings to 1,000 acres. Martin then developed a limestone quarry along the DuPage, which became very successful in 1871 due to the high demand for stone after the Great Chicago Fire. He made his riches after he co-founded Naperville Tile and Brick Works, which eventually output over one million bricks and one million tiles. The tile was primarily used to drain swamps for farming. Martin operated his end of the business in his new home upon its 1883 construction. He named the house Pine Craig, and his family members lived in the house until 1936. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The mansion is now part of Naper Settlement and underwent an extensive restoration from 2000 to 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Mary and Richard Benck Family Agriculture Center</h2><br>
<p>The Center was opened in April 2023, dedicated to recognizing the role that farming has played in Naperville’s history. Exhibits will provide information about the economics, transportation, and nutrition-based aspects of agriculture. The Center will also host a Field Watchers program for school-aged children to get them interested in agriculture and other STEM careers.</p><br>
<h2>Programs and activities</h2><br>
<p>Naper Settlement is an outdoor history museum that offers numerous other large special events. From 1982 until 2019, this included Civil War Days, a two-day reenactment, where the settlement was converted into a large encampment and more than 300 actors and actresses at a time re-enacted historical life and battles. Other special events had included Christkindlmarket and NaperLights. both of which were also cancelled in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Public funding</h2><br>
<p>In 2014, Naper Settlement was one of 47 Illinois museums to receive funding from the Illinois Public Museum Capital Grants Program as part of the state&#39;s larger construction initiative.</p><br>
<p>Pont Reading is a historic, American home that is located in the Ardmore section of Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It was the residence of shipbuilder and architect, Joshua Humphreys who lived there his entire life. Pont Reading was named after his family&#39;s homestead, Reading Pont in Wales.</p><br>
<p>This house, which is currently a private residence, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Humphreys was most notable for his design of the famous USS Constitution, or "Old Ironsides". The home, now stuccoed, was originally built in 1730, using stone around a log cabin that dated to 1683. The rear kitchen wing was added in 1813. The building is an excellent example of upper-class colonial architecture.</p><br>
<p>The house, which is a private residence, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In March 2007, Cookie Magazine published an article titled "To the Manor Born" about the house and its owners. The article included internal photographs. The house&#39;s owners since 2003 (Chris DeWitt/Oscar Yague) oversaw major restoration to maintain the property.</p><br>
<p>Nitre Hall is a nineteenth-century, American building that is located in Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built shortly after 1800 on the banks of Cobbs Creek, by Israel Whelen, Jr., the hall was the residence of the master of the Nitre Hall Powder Mills, which has long since been torn down. With the ground floor reserved for custodians, the upper two floors are decorated in Empire and Victorian style. The top floor contains various temporary exhibits and the educational Colonial Living Experience. It is situated near Lawrence Cabin, another historic building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Nitre Hall is open to the public May through October, in December for special events, and by appointment for a nominal admission charge, according to the.</p><br>
<p>The buildings main use is for school and group field trips. The historical society puts on a "day in the life" show for the townships fifth graders.</p><br>
<p>The Stonewall Jackson House, located at 8 East Washington Street in the Historic District of Lexington, Virginia, was the residence of Confederate general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson from 1858 to 1861.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is a two-story, four-bay, brick dwelling with a large, stone rear addition. It has a side-gable roof and interior end chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed in 1800, by Cornelius Dorman. Dr. Archibald Graham purchased the house and significantly expanded it in 1845 by adding a stone addition on the rear and remodeling the front and interior to accommodate his medical practice. Dr. Graham sold the house to then-Major Thomas Jackson, a professor at the nearby Virginia Military Institute, on November 4, 1858, for $3000. It is the only house Jackson ever owned. He lived in the brick and stone house with his second wife, Mary Anna Morrison Jackson, until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861.</p><br>
<p>It housed Stonewall Jackson Memorial Hospital from 1907 until 1954; when it was converted to a museum. In 1979 the house was carefully restored to its appearance at the time of the Jacksons&#39; occupancy. The house and garden are owned and operated as a historic house museum by the Virginia Military Institute from April through December.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Fruitlands Museum in Harvard, Massachusetts, is a museum about multiple visions of America on the site of the short-lived utopian community, Fruitlands. The museum includes the Fruitlands farmhouse , a museum about Shaker life, an art gallery with 19th-century landscape paintings, vernacular American portraits, and other changing exhibitions, and a museum of Native American history. In 2023, readers of USA Today voted to name Fruitlands as one of the ten best history museums in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can tour the farmhouse, which has been restored to appear as it did during the 1840s, and exhibits about Transcendentalism and the Alcott family. Fruitlands offers a diverse schedule of contemporary exhibits, lectures, outdoor concerts and easy walking trails. There is also a museum store and restaurant. The properties are overseen by The Trustees of Reservations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fruitlands, inspired by Transcendentalism and Amos Bronson Alcott&#39;s ideas of societal reform, was established on 90 acre purchased by Charles Lane in May 1843. People interested in joining the community began moving in the next month and the site was optimistically named "Fruitlands" despite having only a small cluster of apple trees. The community was based on self-sufficiency, using no hired labor and growing all the food they needed themselves. The community ultimately failed because of the difficulty in growing crops. Community members began moving away as early as October 1843; Lane and Alcott abandoned it in January 1844.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased in 1910 by Clara Endicott Sears, who opened the farmhouse to the public in 1914 as a museum. In addition to the Fruitlands building, the site now includes a transplanted Shaker house from the nearby Harvard Shaker Village, Native American artifacts and Hudson River School paintings. The museum is primarily the result of the efforts of Sears, a preservationist.</p><br>
<p>From 2015 through 2019, Fruitlands was the site of an amateur cyclocross race. Notorious for the rough surface of the course as well as the often muddy off-cambers utilized, it became a favorite amongst the New England cyclocross community. No race was held in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. As of July 2021, no further races have been scheduled.</p><br>
<h2>The Trustees of Reservations</h2><br>
<p>From 1930 until 2016, Fruitlands was an independent non-profit organization. From a report in the Boston Globe: “Fruitlands and The Trustees’ missions are so well aligned in our desire to build connections between nature, art, and culture among people of all ages and to provide opportunities for lifelong learning and engagement, said Marie LeBlanc, chairwoman of the Fruitlands board. We are confident that The Trustees will provide the platform Fruitlands needs to continue to grow, care for, and share its important legacy and collections." Michael Busack was appointed as museum director in 2019. In 2021, The Trustees appointed Jessica May as Managing Director of Art & Exhibitions, with responsibilities for oversight of both Fruitlands and the DeCordova Sculpture Park and Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Knickerbocker on the Lake is a historic hotel opened in 1929, located in the Yankee Hill neighborhood of downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was built as an eight-story residential apartment hotel. In 1988 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Knickerbockers neighborhood was called Yankee Hill because many of Milwaukees early leaders living there in the 1800s were Yankees from New England. They liked the neighborhood because it was close to the downtown and had nice views along Lake Michigan. It was also part of Milwaukee&#39;s "Gold Coast". By 1900 many of the prominent Yankees living there had been replaced by prominent German and Irish.</p><br>
<p>After 1900 many of the big old single-family homes were divided into rooming houses, and some were razed to make space for apartment buildings and residential hotels. These allowed more middle and upper-class people to live at a prestigious address close to downtown without the cost or trouble of maintaining their own free-standing home. The Astor Hotel was one like this, built in 1916 and expanded in 1925. Very similar, the Knickerbocker was built just up Juneau Avenue in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The Knickerbocker Hotel was designed by architects Rossman & Wierdsma of Milwaukee in late Neo-Classical Revival style, somewhat simplified as fashion shifted toward Art Deco and more modern styles. The building was generally U-shaped, eight stories tall. The exterior is reddish brick decorated with terra cotta. The first two floors are covered with terra cotta panels. The eighth floor is set off with a terra cotta cornice. The windows on that floor are surrounded by pilasters and window hoods decorated with wreaths and foliage. Inside, the first floor housed an elegant lobby and retail space. Above that each floor held about 30 apartments. For many years it was owned by the Kaiser family and known as the Kaiser Knickerbocker Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Knickerbocker on the Lake bills itself a boutique hotel, with suites decorated in styles varying from Victorian to French Country. The majority of the rooms are now owner-occupied.</p><br>
<p>From 1994 to 2011, the hotel housed the Osterio del Mondo, which had been rated a top hotel restaurant by Zagat/USA Today.</p><br>
<p>Saint Anne&#39;s Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal Church in Middletown, Delaware. The town church was built in 1888. The old church was built in 1768 on the site of an earlier wooden church built about 1705. Queen Anne presented the church with a "covering for the communion table."</p><br>
<p>The church was nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1972, and was added to the Register on March 7, 1973.</p><br>
<p>St. James Episcopal Church, Mill Creek, also known as St. James Church or St. James Church, Stanton, is an historic Episcopal church located at 2106 St. James Church Road, in Stanton, Mill Creek Hundred, New Castle County near Wilmington, Delaware.</p><br>
<p>As Europeans settled in Delaware, a log structure was erected near this location circa 1703. Mill Creek Hundred was split off from Christiana Hundred (as were nearby White Clay Hundred and Pencader Hundred) in 1710, and four years later James Robinson bought 110 acres, of which he donated 10 to build a church for the community. The building was finished two years later, and the first minister was George Ross, who later became father-in-law of the flagmaker Betsy Ross. After the American Revolution, although few Anglican clergy remained in Delaware, a layman from this church attended the first General Convention that founded the Episcopal Church, along with Rev. Charles Henry Wharton (a converted Catholic and rector of nearby Immanuel Church, New Castle) and two other layman from that parish. In 1820, the wood-frame church burned, and was rebuilt in stone during the next three years.</p><br>
<p>Bishop William White consecrated the current church in 1821, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as St. James Church in 1973. A rounded apsidal chancel projects from the north wall, and the interior still has white box pews and a balcony on three sides. The oldest burial in the surrounding cemetery is of John Armstrong, who died in 1726. The cemetery also contains the graves of several identified veterans of the American Revolution (and a memorial concerning lost veterans&#39; graves).</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Astor is a low-rise residential hotel building located in the Yankee Hill  neighborhood of downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Astor on the Lake. It currently serves as an apartment building.</p><br>
<p>Designed by architect Herbert Tullgren in Classical Revival style, the Hotel Astor was built in 1920 by developer Oscar Brachman for hotel tycoon Walter Schroeder. The building was originally U-shaped in plan, but an L-shaped addition in 1925 made the building into the E-shape seen today. The building has eight floors</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the Astor opened, it was considered one of the finest Midwest hotels of the time. The façade is covered with gray limestone and has French Classical details and was constructed using steel-reinforced concrete. A stained glass skylight hangs above the reception area. Many of the rooms, which are now owner-occupied, were of simpler design.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>At dawn on February 18, 1935, the Astor caught fire. The fire was caused by electrical wires in the basement and a dense, oily smoke filled the building. Oscar Teweles, 59, and his nurse, Elsie Saxinger, 40, were killed due to suffocation in his apartment on the fifth floor. Over 300 people had to be evacuated due to the fire and were sent into the city streets. The damage caused by the fire was estimated at $75,000.</p><br>
<p>Goodwood Plantation  was a mid-sized slave plantation that grew cotton on about 1,675 acres  in central Leon County, Florida. It is located at 1600 Miccosukee Road. The plantation was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1972.</p><br>
<p>In 1824, in recognition of his military service during the Revolutionary War, the Marquis de Lafayette was granted a full township in the Florida Territory by the United States Congress. This tract was called the Lafayette Land Grant and encompassed over 23,000 acres. Lafayette never visited his property but designated an agent to sell parcels of it on his behalf. Hardy Croom purchased 2,400 acres from the Lafayette Grant and built Goodwood Plantation on it in 1834.</p><br>
<h2>Goodwood Museum & Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The plantation home is now a historic house museum that features original family furniture, porcelain, textiles, glassware, art and personal effects from the era of the First World War.</p><br>
<h2>Plantation specifics</h2><br>
<p>The 1850 USA Federal Census Slave Schedule listed Bryan Croom as owning 129 enslaved people. However, at that time he also controlled some 40 enslaved people who were owned by his mother-in-law, Ann Hawks, who lived with Bryan Croom. In 1858 Arvah Hopkins bought the plantation and 41 enslaved people.</p><br>
<p>The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census documented the following for Goodwood Plantation:</p><br>
<p>Improved Land: 1050 acres (4 km)</p><br>
<p>Unimproved Land: 625 acres (2½ km)</p><br>
<p>Cash value of plantation: $33,640</p><br>
<p>Cash value of farm implements/machinery: $600</p><br>
<p>Cash value of farm animals: $3000</p><br>
<p>Number of slaves: unknown</p><br>
<p>Bushels of corn: 2500</p><br>
<p>Bales of cotton: 150</p><br>
<p>It is not known why no enslaved people are listed in 1860.</p><br>
<p>For a short period of time, at Goodwood&#39;s greatest extent, in the 1850s when owned by Bryan Hardy Croom, it constituted some 8,000 non-contiguous acres.</p><br>
<h2>The owners</h2><br>
<p>The Croom family of Lenoir County, North Carolina, wealthy tobacco planters, began purchasing land in North Florida in the 1820s, including plantations in Marianna, Quincy and Tallahassee. Hardy Bryan Croom, a planter and amateur naturalist, brought attention to the now rare stinking cedar. He began amassing the land for the estate which come to be known as Goodwood, purchasing about 640 acre of the Lafayette Land Grant in 1833. His younger brother, Bryan Hardy Croom, made similar purchases. Bryan first began living at Rocky Comfort Plantation in Gadsden County, on land the men&#39;s father, William, had purchased. Bryan was married to Eveline Hawks, and the couple had no children. The brothers had some 60 enslaved people from their North Carolina plantations transported down to Florida, and throughout the Croom years, purchased many more slaves to operate their cotton, corn and other row crop plantations.</p><br>
<p>But Hardys time in Florida was to be short. On Saturday, October 7, 1837, Hardy B. Croom and his wife, two daughters, his son and a maternal aunt boarded the packet steamer S.S. Home in New York City bound for Charleston. Hardys family was going to live in Charleston for a time before moving to Tallahassee. The Home sank off the coast of North Carolina during the 1837 Racers Storm, a hurricane. About 30 people survived but approximately 90 people drowned, Hardy and his family among them. No will was found, so his brother Bryan assumed he had inherited his brothers Florida plantation property and proceeded accordingly.</p><br>
<p>A small home had already been framed in at the Goodwood site when Hardy died and Bryan&#39;s enslaved workers completed it. He ordered construction of a long-planned 10,000 square-foot mansion some years later. The house, whose Italianate design with ornate burgundy railings Hardy may have chosen before his death, was also built by slave labor. According to Richard Shine, the prominent Tallahassee builder and businessman who oversaw the construction, it was finished around 1850. A financial depression, yellow fever epidemics and a banking crisis it likely delayed its completion. The reason the plantation was named Goodwood is unclear, but it was known in family letters by that name in the 1840s. Contemporaneous newspaper articles refer to Goodwood in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>After Frances Hardy&#39;s death her relatives, primarily her mother Henrietta Smith, fought what became a landmark court case. Who would inherit when an entire family perished in a common disaster without a will? Bryan Croom won in lower court proceedings. But the Florida Supreme Court ultimately awarded the Smith family much of the estate in 1857. The issues were two; was Hardy a resident of North Carolina at the time of his death or of Florida where his large plantation interests were? The laws of the two states differed. The second question was whether Hardy himself or someone in the maternal line died last in the shipwreck. The Florida Supreme Court decided Hardy was a North Carolina resident when he died. The Court also decided, based on his last letters, that he had not intended to establish residency in Florida when he boarded the Home, but had decided to relocate his family to Charleston, South Carolina, where he had rented a house. Witnesses who survived the shipwreck testified that they saw his son clinging to a spar in the ocean after all the other Crooms had perished. He, a descendant of the maternal line, was the last surviving member of the family.</p><br>
<p>Bryan Croom moved to Alabama. Mrs. Smith did not live at Goodwood but sold the estate in1858 to Arvah Hopkins. He purchased 1,576 acres of land and 41 enslaved people. Hopkins operated a large store downtown and also made money selling on commission. He continued small-scale farming operations at the until 1865 and continued after the war, using formerly enslaved laborers as share-croppers and tenant farmers.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 an Englishman, Dr. William Lamb Arrowsmith, purchased Goodwood and 160 acre surrounding it. When Arrowsmith died about eight months later his wife and her companion, Martha Dykes, lived on the estate for more than twenty-five years.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Arrowsmith sold Goodwood to an extremely wealthy widow, Mrs. Alexander (Frances) Tiers, in 1911. She was related by marriage to the owners of the Waverly Plantation adjacent to Goodwood. She spent only the winter months at Goodwood. She entertained lavishly, many of her wealthy friends coming from the north to enjoy North Florida&#39;s warm winters, so she remodeled the house to a Mount Vernon style and replaced the wrought iron with Georgian columns. She renovated three other antebellum structures: the original kitchen, the original small house and a building whose original use may have been a storehouse or a place where bricks were made or other plantation industries occurred. These buildings still stand. Mrs. Tiers added a water tower, replacing the wells, cisterns and pumps that supplied the plantation. She built an amusement hall, guest cottages, servant quarters, a heated swimming pool, tennis courts and a carriage house.</p><br>
<p>She sold Goodwood to Florida State Senator William C. Hodges. He and his wife Margaret entertained lavishly at Goodwood, inviting politicians artists, writers and public figures. Hodges died in 1940. In 1948 Margret married Thomas Milton Hood, a West Virginia native and Army Air Corps major. When she died in 1978, Major Hood began planning for the restoration of Goodwood as a house museum and public park. He established the Margaret E. Wilson Foundation in her memory. Hood died in 1990, having resisted calls to sell or donate Goodwood to allow it to be torn down for development. After his death the Margaret E. Wilson Foundation, which he created, and its operating agent Goodwood Museum and Gardens, Inc. assumed stewardship for Goodwood.</p><br>
<p>The New Richmond Swing Bridge, also known as the Fifty-Seventh Street Bridge, is a one lane swing bridge in Michigan. Located in Allegan Countys Manlius Township, it connected 57th Street with Old Allegan Road over the Kalamazoo River until its closure to vehicular traffic. The name New Richmond comes from a former mining town in the area of the same name. The bridge is one of the oldest - if not the oldest - swing bridges extant in the United States, and is one of the oldest metal truss bridges in the state of Michigan and the states longest pony truss bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first bridge to cross the Kalamazoo River at this location was constructed in 1842, as part of a local highway connecting Allegan with the now-defunct village of Singapore. The 1842 wooden drawbridge was replaced in 1856 with a similar structure. In 1877, part of this bridge collapsed into the river, and by late 1878, preparations were being made to tear down the wooden bridge and replace it with an iron one.</p><br>
<p>The Milwaukee Bridge & Iron Company was contracted to build the superstructure of the present bridge, made of iron and with a swinging section to allow passage of vessels through the river below, as that section of the river was considered navigable to smaller commercial craft at the time. The first shipment of iron arrived in February 1879, and the bridge was completed later that year.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was repaired in 1899, replacing one of the spans. River traffic declined to a trickle in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and the need to open the bridge to allow for river traffic evaporated. The manually operated swing span was last used at some point around 1920. In 1975, a new river crossing was constructed on 58th Street, only 1/2 mile from the 57th Street bridge. In 1976, the 57th Street bridge was closed due to its deterioration, but over the next few years it was rehabilitated and reconstructed, and was reopened to vehicular traffic in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was again closed to vehicular traffic in 1997 for safety reasons. In 2004, the bridge was again restored, and is now used for pedestrians at the New Richmond Park to access parkland on both sides of the river. In 2010, the bridge was designated as a Michigan Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The New Richmond Swing Bridge has four main spans, plus eight short approach spans, totaling 422 ft in length. The four main spans include an 89 ft long pinned Warren pony truss swing span, two 70 ft long pinned Warren pony truss spans on either side, and an additional 51 ft long rivetted Warren pony truss span (repaired in 1899). On the south side, two 24 ft long approach spans slope upward to meet the bridge, which sits on a concrete abutment. On the north side, six short-span steel stringer structures, each 12 ft to 16 ft long, approach the bridge, again on concrete abutments.</p><br>
<p>The Pierce County Jail  is a historic building built in 1894 in Blackshear, Georgia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An old wooden jail burned in 1880 and a jail made of wood and metal was built in 1882. In 1894 a new two-story brick jail was built, with room for the jail keeper to live on the first floor. It was used as a jail from then until 1926. The building was then used as a city hall and police headquarters until 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Overton Park is a large, public park in Midtown Memphis, Tennessee. The park grounds contain the Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Memphis Zoo, a 9-hole golf course, the Memphis College of Art, Rainbow Lake, Veterans Plaza, the Greensward, and other features. The Old Forest Arboretum of Overton Park, one of the few remaining old growth forests in Tennessee, is a natural arboretum with labeled trees along trails.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property, once known locally as Leas Woods, was purchased by Memphis on November 14, 1901, for $110,000; it was located along the citys eastern and northern boundary at that time. Overton Park was designed by landscape architect George Kessler as part of a comprehensive plan that also included Riverside Park (later M.L. King Riverside Park) and the Memphis Parkway System. The planning began in 1901, and Overton Park was established in 1906. The park is named in honor of John Overton, a co-founder of Memphis. Overton&#39;s name was selected in a competition to name the new park conducted by the Evening Scimitar, a local newspaper; the three choices in the voting were Memphis founding fathers Andrew Jackson, Overton, and James Winchester. The official naming occurred on July 25, 1902.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s and 1970s Overton Park was the subject of controversy when 26 of its were slated by highway planners to be demolished to build Interstate 40 through the park to make it easier for suburban commuters to get to downtown. A small number of residents of midtown formed a group known as Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, and challenged the plan in court. Ultimately, the United States Supreme Court ruled in their favor in the landmark case Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe.</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, the City of Memphis and Tennessee Department of Transportation continued to propose a number of alternatives for routing Interstate 40 through Overton Park, including building the highway in a tunnel, or in a deep trench. In 1978, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park successfully nominated the park to the National Register of Historic Places, thus guaranteeing that without approval from the USA Department of the Interior, Federal funding could not be used for projects that damaged the park&#39;s historic integrity. The Memphis Commercial Appeal called the National Registration the "final nail in the coffin" of efforts to route Interstate 40 through Overton Park.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in June 1974, the road system within the interior of Overton Park was gradually closed to motorized vehicles on weekends and holidays, which were called "People&#39;s Days". Although initially there were some objections, the new policy gained popularity, and the closures were made permanent on April 13, 1987, except for official vehicles.</p><br>
<p>When the entirely white Hein Park community walled off access to Overton Park through West Drive, predominantly black neighbors from across Jackson Avenue sued under the Civil Rights Act of 1866. In 1981 a narrowly divided USA Supreme Court found the barrier was legal, although dissenting Justice Thurgood Marshall admonished that "a group of white citizens has decided to act to keep Negro citizens from traveling through their urban "utopia" and the city has placed its seal of approval on the scheme."</p><br>
<p>Overton Park was selected for inclusion in the 2009 Landslide Program sponsored by The Cultural Landscape Foundation. This program "spotlights great places designed by seminal and regionally influential landscape figures, which are threatened with change."</p><br>
<p>By vote of the Memphis City Council on December 6, 2011, the nonprofit Overton Park Conservancy assumed management of of Overton Park. The 10-year agreement covers the East Picnic Area, Greensward, Formal Gardens, Old Forest State Natural Area, and Veteran&#39;s Plaza. The Levitt Shell, Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Memphis College of Art, Memphis Zoo, and the Overton Park Golf Course are managed independently.</p><br>
<h2>Brooks Museum of Art</h2><br>
<p>The Brooks Museum is a privately funded, nonprofit art museum located in Overton Park. Founded in 1916, the Brooks Museum is the oldest and largest art museum in the state of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The facility consists of 29 galleries, art classrooms, a print study room with over 4,500 works of art on paper, a research library with over 5,000 volumes, and an auditorium. The collection has over 7,000 works of art, including paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, and examples of the decorative arts.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the Brooks Museum announced that they will be relocating to a facility in downtown Memphis.</p><br>
<h2>Levitt Shell</h2><br>
<p>Overton Park also includes the famous Shell theater, where Elvis Presley gave his first paid concert on July 30, 1954.</p><br>
<p>The Overton Park Shell was built in 1936 by the City of Memphis and the Works Progress Administration for $11,935, as part of the New Deal. Designed by architect Max Furbringer, it was modeled after similar shells in Chicago, New York, and St. Louis. The WPA built 27 band shells; the Overton Park Shell is one of only a few that still remain. After various changes in ownership, the Shell was renamed in 2007 as the Levitt Shell at Overton Park and a large-scale renovation underwritten by the Levitt Foundation was begun. The renovation was conducted by Memphis firm Askew Nixon Ferguson Architects with state-of-the-art audio and visual design. With the completion of the renovations on September 8, 2008, free concerts are now once again held in the Shell.</p><br>
<h2>Memphis College of Art</h2><br>
<p>Memphis College of Art is a small, private college of art and design located in Overton Park. It offers Bachelor of Fine Arts, Master of Fine Arts, Master of Arts in Art Education and Master of Arts in Teaching degrees. Some of the majors include graphic design, drawing, painting, printmaking, book arts, computer arts, photography, animation, and illustration. Founded in 1936, it moved into the Overton Park facilities in February, 1959. There are around 450 students each year, with 350 being undergraduate and 100 being graduate students. It is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the National Association of Schools of Art and Design. Memphis College of Art provides a rigorous curriculum in an intimate, diverse community. It has enabled generations of leading artists, designers and educators to flourish professionally and contribute valuable ideas to society. Unfortunately, due to economic problems, as of October, 2017, the college is no longer enrolling new students, and will close after graduating the present student body.</p><br>
<h2>Memphis Zoo</h2><br>
<p>Overton Park Zoo (now named the Memphis Zoo) began in 1906, when a resident of Memphis couldn&#39;t keep his pet black bear in his backyard. He had it put in a pen in the park, which attracted many people, inspiring the idea to place more animals on display. The Memphis Zoo is now one of the largest in the United States, attracting 1 million visitors per year. The zoo houses two pandas, who are local celebrities, as well as three polar bears, brought in to the Northwest Passage exhibition which opened in March 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Memphis Zoo is home to more than 3,500 animals representing over 500 different species. The Zoo has been a major tenant of Overton Park for more than 100 years. The city-owned land currently designated to the Zoo was defined by the Overton Park master plan in 1988. The Zoo is set on, of which approximately are developed.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the Memphis Zoo was ranked "#1 Zoo in the USA" by TripAdvisor.com.</p><br>
<p>In independent surveys commissioned by TripAdvisor, the Memphis Zoo scored a 90 percent overall satisfaction score, almost 25 percent higher than the national zoo average.</p><br>
<p>The Zoo has completed over $77 million for renovation and expansion since the early 1990s. The Zoo&#39;s animal inhabitants reside in one-of-a-kind exhibitry, such as Northwest Passage and CHINA - home to giant pandas Ya Ya and Le Le. The Memphis Zoo is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA).</p><br>
<p>In February, 2008, the Memphis Zoo cleared of old growth forest in the Old Forest Arboretum at Overton Park in order to begin construction of the Zoo&#39;s new Teton Trek exhibit. The Teton Trek exhibit will feature animals native to the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem such as grizzly bears, elk, gray wolves, trumpeter swans and sandhill crane.</p><br>
<p>The Zoo&#39;s decision to clear old growth forest to build the Teton Trek exhibit has been criticized by Citizens to Preserve Overton Park and Park Friends Inc, who subsequently pursued a successful, 16-month campaign to have the Arboretum designated as a State Natural Area by the Tennessee General Assembly.</p><br>
<p>The Zoos conservation departments mission statement is "To use science and technology for greater understanding of the natural world&#39;s ecosystems, to preserve the biodiversity of our plants and animals and to educate the public on conservation priorities."</p><br>
<h2>Overton Golf Course</h2><br>
<p>The 9-hole Overton Park Golf Course is located in the southwestern part of Overton Park. It is a 2,222-yard, par 34 course with 3 sets of teeboxes for different levels of golfing experience. Built in 1926, the Abe Goodman Golf Clubhouse is a Tudor-styled, brick building with a patio.</p><br>
<h2>Outdoor recreational areas</h2><br>
<p>Over one half of the area of Overton Park is dedicated to general outdoor recreation and/or environmental preservation. Activities include picnicking, jogging, hiking, nature study and some team sports. An off-leash area is open for dogs. These areas are under management by the Overton Park Conservancy.</p><br>
<h3>Dog park</h3><br>
<p>Overton Bark, a fenced-in, dog park, is located to the southeast of the Greensward; it opened in June 2012. Separate areas are provided for large and small dogs, and water is available. It also includes benches for owners to sit on and dog to play around.</p><br>
<h3>Formal Gardens</h3><br>
<p>The walkways, benches, and garden beds of the Formal Gardens extend from Morrie Moss Lane, on the western boundary of Overton Park, to Veterans Plaza; they were established in 1904–05. The gardens present a colorful array of seasonal flowers within a background of scattered evergreen and deciduous trees; the central portion of the gardens is surrounded by Crepe myrtles. Although the composition of the beds has varied over time, the layout has remained basically the same. The Clara Conway Memorial Pergola was built in conjunction with the Formal Gardens to honor Clara Conway, a distinguished Memphis educator. Regrettably, the Memorial was destroyed in a 1936 storm, but residents still associate Conway&#39;s name with the Formal Gardens.</p><br>
<h3>Greensward</h3><br>
<p>Located in Overton Park and bounded by Veterans Plaza, Rainbow Lake, the Memphis Zoo, and the Golf Course, the Greensward is one of the largest open areas in Memphis with no designated purpose other than outdoor recreation. It provides a safe place to play frisbee and soccer, jog, picnic, make music, ride bikes, romp with dogs, fly kites, and just hang out. There are no predetermined locations for activities; users just stake a temporary claim to unoccupied areas and have fun. People of all ages use the Greensward. A portion of the Greensward is used for overflow parking for the Memphis Zoo on busy days.</p><br>
<p>In March 2009, the public became aware of a plan by the City of Memphis, Tennessee Engineering Division, under the name "Lick Creek Reroute," to reduce flooding in the Lick Creek watershed by diverting floodwater from the main channel of that stream—which flows through Overton Park—into a multi-acre detention basin in the Greensward. The detention basin would slope downward to a maximum depth of approximately, and is estimated by the City Government to be likely to be inundated by floodwater some five to seven times each year. The City estimated the cost of this project at some $4 million. Citizens to Preserve Overton Park opposes the proposed plan on the grounds that it would irreparably damage the park&#39;s value to the residents of Memphis, Tennessee. The City Government asserts that the public will continue to be able to enjoy the park, and that the slope of the basin will barely be noticeable to park users.</p><br>
<p>On June 9, 2009, the City of Memphis, Tennessee decided it would not proceed with the plan for a detention basin in the Greensward. An engineer with the city was quoted as saying, "We think it was an appropriate plan, but weve shelved it." Instead, the city will explore two other options, one involving part of the parks golf course, the other involving construction of a berm on another part of the park grounds.</p><br>
<h3>Old Forest Arboretum</h3><br>
<p>The Old Forest Arboretum is a forest tract and natural arboretum located on the east side of Overton Park. It is open to the public daily without charge. The Old Forest is on the National Register of Historic Places and includes over 300 plant varieties. Walking trails are maintained within the area, and markers identify 32 tree species.</p><br>
<h4>Tennessee State Natural Area</h4><br>
<p>On June 8, 2011, of the Aboretum were designated as the "Old Forest State Natural Area" by an act of the Tennessee General Assembly. The Natural Areas Program is run by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, while the 82 natural areas themselves are often not TDEC property and are generally managed through cooperative agreements with other agencies and organizations. The bill creating the State Natural Area originally designated for protection. To ease opposition from former Memphis Mayor A C Wharton and zoo officials, of forest adjacent to the zoo were removed from the protective area.</p><br>
<h3>Picnic areas</h3><br>
<p>An East Picnic Area (about ) is located along the eastern boundary of Overton Park. Numerous picnic tables are located beneath a nearly continuous canopy of mature oaks. The "Picnic Pavilion" is centrally located within this area; it was designed by George Kessler and built in 1904. It is the oldest surviving facility in Overton Park. The Picnic Pavilion is wood framed with an elevated floor; it is about 60 feet (18.3 m) in diameter and has a hexagonal shape.</p><br>
<p>Scattered picnic tables are located along the borders of the Greensward and Veterans Plaza.</p><br>
<h3>Playgrounds</h3><br>
<p>There are two publicly accessible playgrounds in Overton Park; one in the East Picnic Area and another to the southeast of the Greensward. The first playground in Overton Park was built in 1911; it was the first publicly accessible playground in Memphis.</p><br>
<h3>Rainbow Lake</h3><br>
<p>Rainbow Lake is a concrete-lined lake forming the eastern boundary of the Greensward. This lake has a curvilinear shape and has a water cascade on its east side. A sidewalk completely goes around the lake. Its name comes from the rainbow effect created by a series of spray-type fountains (no longer present) installed in the lake in 1929. It is the only remaining water feature from George Kessler&#39;s original plan.</p><br>
<h3>Veterans Plaza</h3><br>
<p>Veterans Plaza contains memorials to the veterans of Memphis and Shelby County who were killed defending the freedom of the United States. It is located in Overton Park just to the south of the Memphis Zoo and to the west of the Greensward. The area is home to a collection of memorials: World War I (established 1926 and 1932), World War II (2001), Korean War (2003), Vietnam War (2003), and Desert Storm (2003). A plaque providing the history of Veterans Plaza states that "... through these memorials we pay honor to 1,525 Shelby County veterans who were killed in the 20th and 21st century wars." An adjoining plaque provides commendation for Pete Dugan, a World War II veteran, "... honoring his steadfast commitment to the cause of Veterans Plaza in Overton Park."</p><br>
<p>The Doughboy statue, which is the hallmark of the area, is one of the World War I memorials; it was made in 1926 of copper from pennies that were collected by local school children. The statue was designed and constructed by sculptor Nancy Hahn at a cost of $15,000; it was sponsored by Daughters of the American Revolution. The "Memory Grove" Memorial was created in 1932 by the American War Mothers (Memphis Chapter No. 1) to honor their sons killed in World War I. The bronze plaque has 27 names, which also appear in the Shelby County list on the pedestal of the nearby Doughboy statue. The Memory Grove Memorial was initially located on the south boundary of Overton Park within view of Poplar Avenue; it was later moved to Veterans Plaza. A statue of Margaret Polk, the namesake of the Memphis Belle, honors the B-17 bomber and its crew; the memorial was unveiled in October 2011 and was sponsored by The Memphis Belle Memorial Association.</p><br>
<p>Memorials for World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, and Desert Storm consist of two white limestone walls with bronze panels bearing the names of the Shelby County war dead. In addition, a series of five bronze panels provide detailed information on the Korean War. Flags displayed in Veterans Plaza include the American Flag, the Tennessee State Flag, and the POW/MIA Flag.</p><br>
<p>Memorial services are often held in Veterans Plaza in observance of notable dates, such as Memorial Day, Veterans Day, and Pearl Harbor Day.</p><br>
<h2>Memorials</h2><br>
<p>A number of memorials honoring Memphians for their meritorious service to the community are located within Overton Park.</p><br>
<p>Higbee Memorial (located just west of Veterans Plaza): It honors Jenny M. Higbee as a distinguished Memphis educator. Built in 1908, it is the oldest memorial in Overton Park. It was moved to its current location around 1956 to make way for the new Memphis College of Arts building.</p><br>
<p>J.T. Willingham Fountain (south of Brooks Museum; built 1917) honors a long-term Memphis Park Commission member, who served at least one term as chairman. It consists of six columns in a hexagonal pattern, concrete benches, and a drinking fountain.</p><br>
<p>Bell Tower (located just south of Memphis College of Arts): a 1930 memorial to Judge L. B. McFarland, one of the original members of the Memphis Park Commission.</p><br>
<p>E.H. Crump Statue (located at southeastern park entrance; built 1957): Crump was Memphis Mayor from 1910 through 1915 and USA Representative in 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Notable bygone features</h2><br>
<p>The Main Pavilion was the principal gathering place in Overton Park from its construction in 1902 until it was damaged beyond repair by a storm in 1936. It was the first building built in Overton Park. The Formal Garden and Conway Memorial were later built in association with the Main Pavilion, which was located at the east entrance to the Formal Garden. Frequent public dances, concerts, and civic events were held at the Pavilion. One of the best attended presentations was when Charles Lindbergh spoke on the future of aviation on October 5, 1927, as part of the "Lindbergh Tour". The Pavilion had an observation tower providing scenic views of the surrounding landscape. After its demise, visitor use shifted to the recently constructed Overton Park Shell.</p><br>
<p>In 1914, the Japanese Garden was built around an existing pond in Overton Park, where the Memphis College of Arts is currently located. It was a gift from former Memphis Park Commissioner Robert Galloway. George Kessler, who designed Overton Park, also designed the Japanese Garden, which included pagodas, an arched bridge to a central island, and many decorative sculptures. This area was a popular and highly photographed feature of Overton Park. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Garden was severely damaged by vandalism. Park officials decided that rather than making repairs the structures would be removed, which began on January 2, 1942. A fountain was installed in the redesigned pond, which was retained until construction began on the Memphis College of Arts campus.</p><br>
<p>Donated by Duke C. Bower, the Bower Wading Pool complemented the summer activities at Overton Park from 1913 until the 1970s. It was filled in during an expansion of the playground in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Hammond Castle is located on the Atlantic coast in the Magnolia area of Gloucester, Massachusetts. The castle, which was constructed between 1926 and 1929, was the home, laboratory, and museum of John Hays Hammond Jr., an inventor and pioneer in the study of remote control who held over four hundred patents. The building is composed of modern and 15th-, 16th-, and 18th-century architectural elements and sits on a rocky cliff overlooking Gloucester Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The castle operates as the Hammond Castle Museum, displaying Hammond&#39;s collection of Roman, medieval, and Renaissance artifacts as well as exhibits about his life and inventions. The Great Hall contains a large pipe organ which has been used for concerts and recordings by organists including Richard Ellsasser and Virgil Fox as well as many other well known artists of the time. The instrument was built by Hammond starting in the early 1920s before the castle was built. It was subsequently moved to the castle upon the castle’s completion and had multiple stages of major changes across the years. Most notably, in the 1940s, 1950s, 1970s, and 1980s. As of 2004, the organ is no longer functional.</p><br>
<h2>History and development</h2><br>
<p>John Hays Hammond Jr. engaged the Boston, Massachusetts architectural firm of Allen & Collens in 1923 to design Hammonds dream residence, a medieval style castle. The original castle was to be a tower house built on his fathers Lookout Hill compound. Hammonds close friend, Leslie Buswell, who would soon begin construction on his own nearby home, Stillington Hall, told Hammond he was trying to recreate Chartres Cathedral, almost matching the 121 high nave of the cathedral. In 1924, Hammond called for a more modest redesign which would reduce the height of the structure from 120 to 87 and a footprint of 43 by 30, but maintain the tower house style. After being ordered from the Lookout Hill property by his parents, Hammond moved to purchase a new site a mile to the south near Normans Woe Reef. A complete redesign was developed which resulted in a shorter castle (81) but larger footprint (142 by 70).</p><br>
<p>The McDaniel-Tichenor House, located in Monroe, Georgia, United States was built in 1887 for retiring Governor Henry McDaniel. Originally designed by Athens, Georgia architect William Winstead Thomas  in the then-popular Victorian Italianate Villa style, the house was extensively remodeled in the 1930s by Nashville architect, and son-in-law of Edgar and Gipsy Tichenor, Francis Boddie Warfield. Remade in the Neoclassical style popular with prominent southerners at the time, the Tichenors also added modern indoor plumbing, electricity and heating systems. Though the interior was reconfigured as well, much of the original woodwork, doors and inlaid marbleized mantels are original.</p><br>
<p>The eclectically furnished interior features pieces dating from the late 18th century up until the mid-20th. Many original pieces, such as the Governor&#39;s carved mahogany bed, were rescued from storage in the servants house and restored by Emily Tichenor. The McDaniel-Tichenor House remained occupied by the same family until just under a decade ago.</p><br>
<p>The 1930 renovation, which changed the house from its original 1887 Italianate style to Neo-Classical style, was designed by Francis Boddie Warfield (1891-1975), who was a well-known Nashville architect and was the grandson-in-law of Governor McDaniel and was son-in-law of the incoming Tichenors.</p><br>
<p>The McDaniel-Tichenor House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The home presently serves as a special events and educational facility.</p><br>
<p>Spanish Town  is a historic district anchored by Spanish Town Road in Baton Rouge, the capital city of the USA state of Louisiana. It is well known for its annual Mardi Gras parade, which is the largest in Baton Rouge.</p><br>
<p>Spanish Town was commissioned in 1805. It is the oldest neighborhood in Baton Rouge, and its 49.4 acre area, comprising 258 contributing properties, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 31, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The area is home to a variety of people from many different social classes. Spanish Town was at one time particularly renowned for possessing a higher-than-average proportion of gay residents, though this has waned over the years with urban gentrification.</p><br>
<h2>History of Spanish Town, Baton Rouge</h2><br>
<p>The appeared at 11 December 1804 by surveyor Vicente S. Criado, for 14 families at 350 toises (700 m) from Fort San Carlos by request of the governor of the district.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood of Spanish Town was commissioned in 1805 by Don Carlos de Grand Pré. According to the Baton Rouge State Times (Oct. 18, 1980), "When Galvez Town, twenty miles southeast of Baton Rouge, was ceded in the Louisiana Purchase to the United States in 1803, the Canary Islanders who lived there asked to come to Baton Rouge in order to continue living on Spanish soil. In 1805, Carlos de Grand Pré (Charles Grandpre), administrator of the Baton Rouge District, drew up the layout of an area east of the fort out of cannon shot that became known as Spanish Town."</p><br>
<p>Much of Spanish West Florida, though part of New Spain after about 1780, was actually inhabited by people of English descent, who disliked being under Spanish rule. The city of Baton Rouge was a mainly Anglo area, but the settling of Spanish Town allowed the Spanish citizens a place for their culture and language to thrive.</p><br>
<p>The American Civil War brought destruction to the area and left only a few homes and buildings standing, and the area was mostly abandoned. In the years following the Civil War, Spanish Town was mostly populated by African Americans, many of them freed slaves looking for work in Baton Rouge. Homes and churches were built, and the neighborhood grew busier.</p><br>
<p>The founding of Louisiana State University had an influence on the area, which, between 1890 and 1920, grew to inhabit and cater to students and faculty of the university.</p><br>
<h2>Spanish Town Mardi Gras</h2><br>
<p>Spanish Town is the site of Baton Rouge&#39;s largest Mardi Gras parade, which is celebrated annually on the Saturday before Mardi Gras. The first Spanish Town Mardi Gras parade took place in 1981, as a way for residents to "celebrate their difference". Apparently this first parade was very small, and consisted of a few children on foot who played instruments and threw trinkets to the crowd. It has since grown to include elaborate floats, and has adopted a very sarcastic and raunchy tone; it is not considered "family friendly". Each year has a different theme. The floats typically tend to offer crude political commentary, usually about local and national power figures. There are Krewes, as are seen in the traditional New Orleans Mardi Gras parades, but they are more informal than those, as demonstrated by their humorous names such as "Krewe of Roadkill" and "Wasted Krewe". The unofficial mascot of the parade, which has since become that of the entire neighborhood of Spanish Town, is the pink flamingo.</p><br>
<h2>Pink flamingo</h2><br>
<p>As a mascot, the pink flamingo is said to represent the saying "poor taste is better than no taste at all", which became somewhat of a mantra for the Spanish Town neighborhood as it grew to include more eccentric residents. There is a tradition in Baton Rouge involving pink flamingos that originates from the celebration of Spanish Town Mardi Gras. Around the beginning of the Mardi Gras season, approximately two dozen large pink flamingos made of plywood are placed in the LSU Lakes, adjacent to LSU, to announce that the date for the annual Mardi Gras ball has been announced. It is a tradition to "kidnap" one of these flamingos, usually by taking a boat out on the lake, and use it as a yard or home decoration. There is a unique sense of pride associated in having acquired one of these special flamingos.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Boone Hotel was a hotel and dining facility located in downtown Boone, Watauga County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The building, constructed in 1925, was of a joisted masonry construction consisting of two stories with Colonial Revival detailing. The main entrance included a long terraced walkway beginning from the West King Street sidewalk leading to an entrance veranda. The building itself sat upon 10 acre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A group of Boone business leaders realized a need for a hotel to accommodate tourists, traveling salesmen, visiting court officials, and new faculty at Appalachian State Normal School. The group of leaders included G.P. Hagaman, R.C. Rivers, F.A. Linney, and W.H. Gragg. They incorporated the Daniel Boone Hotel Company and issued 500 shares at a par value of $100 per share in order to begin construction.</p><br>
<p>Crossing the front porch, hotel guests entered into a spacious lobby with a grand staircase and two large fireplaces on both sides. The dining room was situated on the left side, and on the right side of the basement ground level there was a covered pull through for cars- a horseshoe shaped drive looped around back the hotel from the street. Employees attending Appalachian State roomed on the third floor, and the hotel manager had an apartment behind the front desk.</p><br>
<p>Construction completed in 1925, the Great Depression caused the hotel to become bankrupt, and in 1935 the hotel was auctioned.</p><br>
<p>The new owners were Joe B. McCoy and Rich Finley. As a partnership they managed the hotel for over forty years. Once the depression was over and the war-time economy guaranteed growth, the hotel became for many years the place to stay in town. Sunday dinner open to the public was a legendary feast, as some residents recall, at $2.00 per person in 1946.</p><br>
<p>The decline of the hotel began as roadside motels popped up around the Boone area. The hotel closed its doors in the late 1970s. When the remaining proprietor Joe B. McCoy died, his heir sold the property to the Daniel Boone Condominium Company.</p><br>
<p>Before being demolished it was submitted and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Remnants</h2><br>
<p>The sign that was displayed on the lawn of the hotel is now located inside Boone Drug on West King Street.</p><br>
<p>The ornamental columns that supported the veranda entrance were used in the construction of a chapel at the Watauga Medical Center in Boone.</p><br>
<p>Wilton House Museum is a museum in a historic house located in Richmond, Virginia. Wilton was constructed c. 1753 by William Randolph III, son of William Randolph II, of Turkey Island. Wilton was originally the manor house on a 2,000 acre tobacco plantation known as "World&#39;s End" located on the north bank of the James River several miles east of the city of Richmond. Between 1747 and 1759, William III acquired more than a dozen contiguous tracts of land. About 1753, Randolph completed building a Georgian manor house, which he named "Wilton," on a site overlooking the river.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, with commercial development encroaching on the opposite bank of the James and the property in danger of foreclosure, saved the mansion from destruction by purchasing, dismantling, moving, and rebuilding it on a site overlooking the James River a few miles west of its original location. Ironically the farm just east of the Pocahontas Parkway, where Wilton once stood remains devoted to agriculture in the 21st century.</p><br>
<p>Open to the public since 1952, Wilton hosts a collection of 18th- and 19th-century furnishings, textiles, glass, ceramics, and silver that reflect the wealthy planter life of the mid-18th century.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>William Randolph II</p><br>
<h2>Architectural style</h2><br>
<p>Wilton is built in the Georgian style of architecture, which was the prevailing style during the Colonial era in New England and the Southern colonies. Colonial Georgian architecture differed slightly from region to region, depending on climate and locally available building materials, but generally followed a symmetrical, rectangular plan with simple, dignified lines ultimately deriving from Palladian architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History of the house</h2><br>
<h3>Randolph family</h3><br>
<p>During the 17th century the Randolph family of Virginia was among the wealthiest and most powerful families in Colonial Virginia. William Randolph and his wife, Mary Isham Randolph, have been referred to as "the Adam and Eve of Virginia," whose many distinguished descendants included President Thomas Jefferson, Chief Justice John Marshall, and General Robert E. Lee. Wilton was constructed circa 1753 for William III and his wife, Anne Harrison Randolph, on a 2,000-acre plantation overlooking the James River. William Randolph III was a planter and public servant: a member of the House of Burgesses for Henrico County, an officer in the militia, and a vestryman for Henrico Parish.</p><br>
<p>Wilton was constructed for William Randolph III and Anne Randolph between circa 1753; their son Peyton Randolph (d. 1784) was the second owner, and after Peyton the house descended through several generations of Randolphs until 1859. Wilton survived the Civil War and changed owners another four times before going into foreclosure by The Bank of Commerce and Trust during the depth of the Great Depression. When the house was in danger of demolition intervened and became the last owners of the house.</p><br>
<p>At Wilton, the Randolphs enslaved over 100 African American men, women, and children and utilized slave labor to build both the house and produce their ongoing income in the form of wheat and tobacco. By the early 19th century, Wilton was home to the largest enslaved community in Henrico County.</p><br>
<p>William Randolph III died in the year of 1762, aged 52, and left Wilton to his twenty-three-year-old son, Peyton Randolph.</p><br>
<p>Peyton Randolph died in the year of 1784 at age 46 and left Wilton to his five-year-old son, William Randolph IV.</p><br>
<p>William Randolph died in the year of 1815 at age 26 and left Wilton to his five-year-old son, Robert Randolph. His widow, Anne Andrews Randolph, managed the plantation while raising the next heir.</p><br>
<p>Robert Randolph died in 1839 at age 29 and left a heavily indebted Wilton to his four-year-old daughter, Catherine (Kate).</p><br>
<p>Catherine was the last owner in the Randolph family; she filed a suit to sell Wilton in 1859.</p><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>Wilton was originally located on a 2,000-acre tobacco plantation approximately 9 miles downriver from Richmond, the large two-story brick house is one of the most significant of the James River plantation mansions.</p><br>
<p>In 1742 William III inherited his father&#39;s Fighting Creek land.</p><br>
<p>1747-William III purchased tracts of land which was over 1000 acres from William Finney Jr.</p><br>
<p>1747-350 acres from Richard Randolph (Thomas Bayley, William Harding)</p><br>
<p>1747-150 acres from William Bayley</p><br>
<p>1749-136 acres from Arthur Giles</p><br>
<p>1752- 25 acres was "adjacent to the land of Randolph whereon he now lives called Wilton"</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In his will, William Randolph IV had given his wife "compleat power at any time to dispose of any part of my property that she may think proper for the payment of my debts". In 1833, the writer Catharine Sedgwick visited Wilton and described "Broken down fences, a falling piazza, defaced paint, banisters ties up with ropes, etc." and added that "the general aspect of the house is that of a forlorn ruin". The total value of the Wilton estate as reflected in the land tax books fell from $74,664 in 1832 to $45,066 in 1850. Wilton continued to decline.</p><br>
<p>In 1833 and 1835, Robert Randolph was forced to place the plantation in trust to secure ever larger debts. Robert Randolph died in 1839, leaving a heavily indebted Wilton to his daughter, Catherine. Four years after Robert&#39;s death, his widow, Mary, married James Brook of New York. In 1846, James and Mary filed suit against the estate of their daughter, Catherine S. Randolph, to facilitate a division of the property. Wilton was divided into 744 acres belong to James and Mary, and 1,535 acres belong to Catherine.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, Catherine filed a suit to sell Wilton. The suit was not settled until 1875. The depositions of the land condition indicate that soil fertility on the plantation had been reduced due to hard cultivation over the years by owners and tenants. The buildings were dilapidated and worthless. The auction was held on July 27, 1859: William C. Knight paid $49,517 for 1,237.93 acres, including the house. Catherine was the last owner of Wilton from the Randolph family.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Wilton was in danger of foreclosure during the Great Depression, and then it was purchased by The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America in the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1933 and was reconstructed along the banks of the James River, 15 miles west of its original location.</p><br>
<p>Wilton, Wilton Road (moved to Richmond), Richmond vicinity, (Henrico County, Virginia).jpgRelocation Landside 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Museum collection</h2><br>
<p>Wilton is Richmond&#39;s only 18th-century public plantation home, with an array of 1,400 artifacts. These 17th-, 18th-, and 19th-century pieces include silver, ceramics, textiles, paintings, documents, and furniture.</p><br>
<p>Central Market, also known as Lancaster Central Market, is a historic public market located in Penn Square, in downtown Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Until 2005, when it was transferred to a trust, the market was the oldest municipally-operated market in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Central Market comprises approximately 60 vendors who principally sell foodstuffs &ndash; fresh fruits and produce, meats, cheeses, fish and seafood and baked goods &ndash; and flowers. Products for sale come from Amish, Pennsylvania Dutch, German, Greek, Caribbean, Middle Eastern, and Slavic origins.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A public marketplace was deeded on this site in 1730 as part of the settlement of Lancaster. The marketplace was officially chartered by King George II on May 1, 1742, officially designating Lancaster as a market town. The Central Market occupies a portion of the original marketplace, with the first permanent building erected in 1757.</p><br>
<p>This 20,540 square-foot brick building sits adjacent to the old City Hall, Lancaster&#39;s very first skyscraper as well as many other historical buildings.</p><br>
<p>The current building was built in 1889, and is a brick building with a hipped and gabled terra cotta roof, in the Romanesque Revival style. Central Market was designed by English architect James H. Warner, who eventually made Lancaster his home. Its front facade features twin towers measuring 72 ft feet tall, with a gable between them. The interior structure has wooden pillars supporting the roof with a grid of steel rod Howe trusses.</p><br>
<p>The Central Market was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The Central Market is owned and maintained by the City of Lancaster and has been since its development. In more recent years the Central Market Trust, which is a non-profit 501 (c)3 organization has managed it. The trust was formed in 2005 and consists of the Market Manager and eleven volunteers from the community.</p><br>
<h2>Offerings</h2><br>
<p>Each week approximately 3,000 people visit the market, with 82 percent of these people living and/or working in Lancaster and an additional 33 percent of them living within the same zip code as the Central Market.</p><br>
<p>Vendors offer a wide variety of international and Amish cuisine foods. Vendors include Kauffmans Fruit Farm from Bird-in-Hand, Pennsylvania, Hodeckers bleached celery, cookies, Springerle House ornaments, hardwood smoked hams and bacon from S. Clyde Weaver, and sweets from Pennsylvania Fudge Company. For more than 100 years, the Stoner Family Vegetable stand has been selling their produce at the market, longer than any other vendor. Thomas Produce has been at the market for 80 years and over 60 years ago, Long&#39;s Horseradish stand joined the Central Market family.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>After more than 40 years since its last major upgrade, the Central Market finally received a $7 million renovation. By 2011, the entire project was officially completed. The renovation eliminated large suspended lights, uncovered many pre-existing long windows, and re positioned the mechanical system underground.</p><br>
<h2>Awards and recognitions</h2><br>
<p>The 2011 preservation plan () that guided the building renovation was nationally recognized, winning the American Planning Associations 2013 National Planning Excellence Award for Urban Design. The preservation plan was also awarded the Lancaster County Planning Commissions 2012 Leadership Achievement Award for Historic Resources. The building renovation won the Preservation Pennsylvania 2011 Award.</p><br>
<p>National Geographic recently named Central Market as one of their travel favorites. The Central Market was also named one of America&#39;s 10 greatest public places by the American Planning Association (APA), and was listed as one of the ten best fresh markets in the world () by CNN in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun, also known as Will Rogers Shrine, is a commemorative tower and chapel on Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado Springs, Colorado. It is named after Will Rogers, the American humorist, who died in a plane crash in Alaska in 1935 during construction of the shrine. It is also a tomb for the remains of Spencer Penrose – who built many of the city&#39;s prominent properties, including the neighboring Cheyenne Mountain Zoo and The Broadmoor resort – and his wife Julie Penrose. Completed by Penrose in 1937, the shrine is a 100 ft, five story observation tower that overlooks The Broadmoor, Colorado Springs, and Garden of the Gods.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 for its artistic and architectural qualities.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun is located at 8,136 ft in elevation. It is about 1,500 ft in elevation above Colorado Springs, and is also above the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo on the side of Cheyenne Mountain. Views of the Rampart Range, Colorado Springs, and the plains can be seen from the site on a promontory on the mountain, which is accessed via the Cheyenne Mountain Highway. The road to the shrine is restricted at the toll gate to individuals who have purchased Cheyenne Mountain Zoo tickets.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Overview</h3><br>
<p>The five-story commemorative monument and an adjoining one-story building with the chapel was designed by local architect, Charles E. Thomas, who was hired by Julie and Spencer Penrose, the philanthropist and developer who built The Broadmoor resort and Cheyenne Mountain Zoo. The monument is made of Romanesque Revival architecture with buttresses, an ornately decorated iron and brass door, and narrow leaded windows. It is 100 ft tall. The shrine is partly named for the views of the rising and setting sun. Will Rogers, who died in 1935 in an airplane crash, is memorialized in images of his life displayed throughout the interior of the monument and in the name of the shrine. The shrine is also a memorial to the lives of Julie and Spencer Penrose, whose tombs are in the monuments lower level. The Pikes Peak Region&#39;s history is depicted in a 340 ft&sup2; mural by Randall Davey, an artist from Santa Fe, New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun site is entered through a stone gateway. The grounds are encircled by a stone wall made from the same single block of pink granite quarried from Cheyenne Mountain used to make the tower. Within the stone walls, there are Jo Davidson&#39;s statue of Will Rogers, Chinese sculptures, and landscaping with plants native to the region. Avard Fairbanks made a bronze bust of Spencer Penrose.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of granite, steel, cement, iron and brass. Its roof was built of ceramic tile. There were no wood or nails in its construction. The interior has terrazzo floors, marble, and ironwork. Stairs lead to the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>It was completed in 1937 and dedicated on September 6, 1937. The total construction cost was about $250,000.</p><br>
<h3>Monument</h3><br>
<p>The sections of the monument are a one-story building with the chapel, the five-story tower, and a staircase connecting the two. Randall Davey painted murals on the first floor of the monument and the first two levels of the stairway depicting the areas historical people and events. The murals, restored in 1994 by Eric Bransby, illustrate scenes of Native Americans; Zebulon Pikes travels; Cripple Creek Mining; William Jackson Palmer, founder of Colorado Springs; and Spencer Penrose. The next three floors contain a photographic history of Will Rogers from his early childhood days in Oklahoma through his time on stage, screen and radio. The last mural is of Will and Wiley Post taken just prior to the fatal crash.</p><br>
<p>A set of Westminster chimes are played on a vibraharp every quarter-hour or every hour. The sounds of the chimes can be heard 20 mi away, due to what was a state-of-the-art amplification system when it was built. Songs like Home on the Range and classical music has been broadcast from the tower over the years. At night, the shrine is illuminated by floodlights and the walkway is lighted. Visible below, Cheyenne Lake at The Broadmoor reflects the nearby lights.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel</h3><br>
<p>The chapel is below the first level. It contains European works of art from the 15th and 16th centuries, including a 16th-century Baroque painting of the Madonna. Furniture from the 16th century includes choir stalls, a Classical Baroque altar, and carved Monk benches. The chapels crucifix is a German woodcarving. The remains of Spencer and Julie Penrose are interred in the chapel along with two friends, Spencers social secretary, Horace Devereaux, and Harry Leonard. Eastern works of art include a standing bronze statue of Bodhisattva Guanyin wearing rosary beads and three Buddha statues.</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside Gardens is a community within Sunnyside, a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The area was the first development in the United States patterned after the ideas of the garden city movement initiated in England in the first decades of the twentieth century by Ebenezer Howard and Raymond Unwin, specifically Hampstead Garden Suburb and Letchworth Garden City.</p><br>
<p>Covering 77 acre between Queens Boulevard and Sunnyside Yard, Sunnyside Gardens was constructed between 1924 and 1928 by the City Housing Corporation, founded by developer Alexander Bing, and architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. The project grew out of discussions in the early 1920s about housing and planning; Lewis Mumford was a leading participant. It is among the first planned communities in the USA</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside Gardens is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission has also designated it as an official city landmark district.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sunnyside Gardens was built between 1924 and 1928, roughly taking up 16 blocks, with more than 600 buildings. It has 12 courts, which are known as Carolin Gardens, Colonial Court, Hamilton Court, Hamilton Court Apartments, Harrison Place, Jefferson Court, Lincoln Court, Madison Court North and South, Monroe Court Apartments, Phipps Garden Apartments I, Phipps Garden Apartments II, Roosevelt Court, Washington Court, and the Wilson Court. Sunnyside Gardens is in the northwestern part of Queens. Clarence Stein and Henry Wright served as the primary architects and planners for this development (Frederick L. Ackerman designed some of the mews houses), and the landscape architect was Marjorie Sewell Cautley.</p><br>
<p>Vitullo-Martin, Julia. New York Sun (July 7, 2005)</p><br>
<p>Sunnyside Gardens includes one-, two-, and three-family homes, and a few apartment buildings, all made of Hudson brick. Each private residence has a small front garden facing the street and a private garden in the rear. The rental units in the two- and three-family houses enjoy private terraces overlooking the gardens. There are two configurations: the courtyard condition and the mews condition; at the edges of the community some homes simply line the street, with a common walkway running the length of the row. Homes in the courtyard blocks enclose an inner courtyard that was designated a common, landscaped but not used for recreation. Each homeowner actually owned, and paid taxes on, the part of the common in the block and lot, even if it was not used. The mews houses face a common front court and back on alleys; each mews house also has a private rear yard. This model allowed for denser residential development, while also providing ample open/green-space amenities.</p><br>
<p>As an amenity for the residents, the City Housing Corporation reserved lots on the northern edge of the development (abutting the Sunnyside Yard) for one of only two private parks in the city, the other being Gramercy Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was the first development in the United States patterned after the ideas of the garden city movement initiated in England in the first decades of the twentieth century by Ebenezer Howard and Raymond Unwin, specifically Hampstead Garden Suburb and Letchworth Garden City. Covering 77 acres between Queens Boulevard and the Sunnyside Railroad Yards, Sunnyside Gardens was constructed between 1924 and 1928 by the City Housing Corporation, founded by developer Alexander Bing, and architects Clarence Stein and Henry Wright. The project grew out of discussions in the early 1920s about housing and planning; social critic Lewis Mumford and economist Richard T. Ely were leading participants.</p><br>
<p>In the early years of the Great Depression, nearly 60 percent of the residents lost their homes to foreclosure. Those difficult years saw organized resistance by residents who forcefully resisted efforts by city marshals to evict families. The character of Sunnyside Gardens was protected by 40-year easements which protected the integrity of the courtyards and common walkways and controlled changes to the exterior of every property, extending to even paint color. Those covenants lapsed in the mid-1960s, and some homeowners rushed to claim their property, erecting fences into the middle of some courtyards. In response, in 1974 the Department of City Planning designated Sunnyside Gardens a special planned community preservation district, together with Fresh Meadows, Parkchester, and the Harlem River Houses. With that designation came rules protecting the inner courts and landscaping, and prohibiting driveways and curbcuts, rear sheds, and additions.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>The Sunnyside Gardens Historic District is a national historic district that includes 66 contributing buildings and 12 contributing sites. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984</p><br>
<p>In 2003, a grassroots movement started to request designation as a New York City Historic District, in response to lack of protection for the historic character of the homes in the neighborhood. The campaign was contentious and garnered publicity in major news outlets, including WNYC and the New York Times. On April 17, 2007, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (NYCLPC) held a public hearing on the neighborhood, which was controversial, with 60 people speaking in favor and 25 against the designation. This was documented on New York Public Radio in a segment called "Cloud Over Sunnyside?". On June 26, 2007, the NYCLPC voted to designate the community. The designation prevents most major work from being done without consultation with the NYCLPC.</p><br>
<p>Eagle Island is an island in Maine&#39;s Casco Bay and the site of the summer home of the North Pole explorer Admiral Robert Peary . The island and home are preserved as the Eagle Island State Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Peary purchased the island in 1881 for $200 and built a summer house there in 1904. His family continued to spend summers on the island until the property was donated to the people of Maine in 1967. Eagle Island was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Eagle Island is an 17 acre island in the outermost portion of the archipelago of Casco Bay. Administratively part of Harpswell, it is 12 mi northeast of Portland, approximately 2 miles from the Dolphin Marina at the end of Harpswell Neck, and 15 mi south of Brunswick. The island has a maximum height of 40 ft above sea level, and is rocky with a thin layer of topsoil. The forest on the island was replanted by the Pearys and contains species atypical of other island forests. There are trails providing access to most of the island. The island was purchased by Admiral Peary in 1881. At the northern end of the island is a Y-shaped clearing in which the sites buildings are located, and a small beach area with a long wooden pier. There are three major structures on the island in addition to the pier: the Peary house, a caretakers cabin, and a visitors center. The pier was constructed in 1969, and the visitors center in 2012. The gardens on the island were planted by Josephine Peary, daughter Marie, and daughter-in-law Inez and are maintained by volunteers. Each year about 6,000 tourists visit the island.</p><br>
<p>The Peary House is a wood-frame house, built in several stages. The original portion of the house was built in 1904, and consisted of a rectangular structure with a single large living room on the first floor and three bedrooms on the second floor. Meals were prepared in the caretaker&#39;s house, an apparently inadequate situation that prompted the construction of a small kitchen and dining wing in 1906. A new fieldstone foundation with concrete piers was built, raising the structure onto a full-height basement, and shed-roof dormers were added to each side of the gabled roof. Following his retirement, Peary embarked on a further expansion of the building in 1912–13. The 1906 kitchen wing was detached, and a new expanded wing added, with a porch on three sides. Peary also built a pair of circular stone bastions, which served in part as a retaining wall to keep the house from being blown into the water during stormy weather. One of these bastions Peary used to house his artifact collection from his many expeditions.</p><br>
<p>After Pearys death in 1920, his family made only modest alterations before giving the property to the state in 1967. The state built the pier and undertook restoration of the property, which had suffered deterioration due to weather. A portion of the Peary houses roof caved in during 1990, resulting in water damage to Peary&#39;s study, and necessitating reconstruction of that part of the house.</p><br>
<p>Tudor Place is a Federal-style mansion in Washington, D.C. that was originally the home of Thomas Peter and his wife, Martha Parke Custis Peter, a granddaughter of Martha Washington. The property, comprising one city block on the crest of Georgetown Heights, had an excellent view of the Potomac River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original tract of land occupied by Tudor Place was part of the "Rock of Dumbarton" (originally, "Dunbarton") tract in George Bealls second addition to Georgetown, an area also known as Georgetown Heights. In 1794, Bealls grandson, Thomas Beall, sold a portion of his land to Francis Lowndes, a merchant and importer from Bladensburg, Maryland. Lowndes owned the property for eleven years during which he constructed the two wings of the present historic house. Lowndes intended to complete the house but never did, instead selling the property to Martha and Thomas Peter. Martha and Thomas Peter contracted with Dr. William Thornton, who also designed the United States Capitol as well as The Octagon House, to design Tudor Place. From the two wings in existence, Thornton then provided the central structure and the joining elements to the wings - called hyphens, combined them with buff-colored stucco over brick. The "temple" porch and supporting columns provide a most striking addition to the front.</p><br>
<p>The garden and the collections are as rich and interesting as the home itself. A focal point is the collection of numerous objects that belonged to George and Martha Washington, making Tudor Place the largest public depository of objects belonging to the first Presidential family outside of Mount Vernon.The decorations included four chair-cushions embroidered by Martha Washington in 1801 "executed upon coarse canvas in a design of shells, done in brown and yellow wools, the highlights being flecked in gold-colored silk" as well as a decorative cover for a bed whose trimmings also were embroidered by Martha Washington.</p><br>
<p>As a historic site that bears the scars of slavery, Tudor Place seeks to look this injustice in the eye. From Martha Washington&#39;s will, Martha Parke Custis Peter inherited 90 enslaved people. Enslaved workers and domestic servants worked and lived on site.</p><br>
<p>On September 28, 1811, Martha Peters mother, Eleanor Calvert, age 56, a prominent member of the Calvert family of Maryland, Martha Washingtons daughter-in-law, and George Washingtons stepdaughter-in-law, died at Tudor Place. Martha Peter noted in a February 15, 1812 letter to a friend, Eliza Susan Quincy (1798–1884), how important it was to Martha that she was able to spend the last fortnight of her mothers life with her mother at Tudor Place to render attentions that could not be paid elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>In March 1813, after resigning his seat in the United States Congress, USA educator and political figure Josiah Quincy III and his wife, Eliza Susan Quincy, visited the Peters at Tudor Place. While there, Mrs. Peter gave Josiah General Washingtons silver gorget with the ribbon attached to it. Washingtons gorget, prominently featured in Charles Willson Peales 1772 portrait of Colonel George Washington, was a metal collar designed to protect the throat of the wearer and Mrs. Peter had received the gorget at the division of her grandfathers estate. Quincy gave the gorget to the Washington Benevolent Society of Boston in Mrs. Peter&#39;s name on April 13, 1813.</p><br>
<p>On December 18, 1815, and on January 12, 1816, former United States Secretary of State Timothy Pickering visited the Peters at Tudor Place.</p><br>
<p>Thomas and Martha Peter raised eight children in Tudor Place, and hosted the Marquis de Lafayette during his 1824 tour of the United States. When the third child and eldest son, John Parke Custis Peter, came of age, his father conveyed a farm around Seneca, Maryland. John P.C. Peter built a small replica of Tudor Place from 1828 to 1830 called Montevideo. The farm also included the redstone Seneca Quarry, whose stone Peter would bid on and win the Smithsonian Institution Building project in 1847.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Martha Peter in 1854, daughter Britannia Peter Kennon became the next owner of the home. She was the widow of Commodore Beverley Kennon I (1793–1844). following their marriage ceremony in the house.</p><br>
<p>In about 1869, Robert E. Lee, the former commanding general of the Confederate army in the 1861–1865 American Civil War, paid his last visit to the District of Columbia at Tudor Place before his death on October 12, 1870. By 1874, Tudor Place was occupied by Thos. Beverley Kennon (1830–1890), a grandson of Thomas Peter, a former USA Civil War captain with the Confederate Secret Service, and a post USA Civil War soldier under the Khedive of Egypt. In 1890, the year that Beverley Kennon died and at a time when Brittania W. Kennon was the oldest living descendant of Mrs. Washington, The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine published an extensive article that detailed the collection of Martha Washington&#39;s relics that were maintained inside Tudor Place.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. Tudor Place is located at 1644 31st Street, N.W. and is open to the public.</p><br>
